Crafting knowledge in the early medieval West: Glosses, learning and culture, circa 800-1050

中世纪早期西方的知识创造：注释、学习和文化，约 800-1050 年

• 批准号: AH/S006281/1
• 负责人: Sinead O'Sullivan
• 金额: $ 22.09万
• 依托单位: Queen's University Belfast
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Fellowship
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2020 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FS006281%2F1
• 关键词: Crafting; knowledge; early; medieval; West

Glosses, that is marginal and interlinear notes ubiquitous in Latin manuscripts of the early medieval West, were once side-lined as a technical sideshow to mainstream intellectual history. Traditionally, scholarship on glosses focused on the exposition of words in the vernacular. My project contrasts with the essentially linguistic focus of nineteenth-century research in this area. As the first wide-ranging study of glosses, it seeks to investigate annotations on key texts and authors in order to view glosses in the conceptual framework of what knowledge is and how it is made in the early Middle Ages. One of the aims of the proposed project is to examine how glosses helped shape the inheritance of classical and Judaeo-Christian learning during a period crucial for the cultural history of the Middle Ages. Understanding glosses thus allows us to appreciate our intellectual heritage. Another aim is to investigate glosses for insight into the crafting of knowledge in early medieval book culture. In the modern world we put high value on knowledge quickly and easily acquired, but this study will present a quite different ideal: of knowledge that is painstakingly compiled, constructed through effort and even, at times, attained through the unravelling of that which has been rendered obscure, encoded with exegetical difficulty or clothed in references to authoritative sources. This research is thus not only intellectually but also educationally important. It shows that medieval glosses pose a problem for the modern understanding of interpretative practices. It argues that by studying them we can begin to comprehend what value they held for early medieval scholarly communities. Above all, this project will investigate the significance of glosses for mainstream intellectual history. For example, it studies how glosses help resolve the question of why classical pagan works were read by medieval Christian scholars and looks at what glosses reveal about early medieval reading practices. Moreover, a central concern of this project is to rethink the function of early medieval glosses. On the basis of extensive manuscript research, the project seeks to argue that clarification in the modern sense was not the sole and sometimes not at all the intention of early medieval glossators. Glossators also added layers of signification, introduced complexity, and offered multiple interpretations of a word or words. As such, they introduced both polysemy of meaning and underscored potential ambiguity in the text. Glossators even created a sense of mystery. We can of course only infer their intentions, but glossators did in fact encrypt and conceal information, engage in word play and create puzzles, as well as make what was likely difficult easier to understand - hence they often communicated the complexity and obscurity of knowledge - that is, the need for active decoding before it may be understood. This research will argue from close readings of glossed manuscripts that encoding knowledge was a process, a crucial epistemological dynamic rather than a particular kind of knowledge. It was at the core of medieval hermeneutics and in line with well-established interpretative, exegetical and cognitive practices aimed at the unravelling of meaning, and at sustained and slow intellectual engagement. The research has the potential to reach out to a wider audience interested in medieval intellectual history and the history of ideas and will appeal to those interested in obscurantism and cryptanalysis in both its medieval and modern contexts.

注释，即中世纪早期西方拉丁文手稿中普遍存在的边缘和行间注释，曾经作为主流思想史的技术杂耍而被边缘化。传统上，训诂学侧重于对白话词语的阐释。我的项目与19世纪这一领域研究的主要语言焦点形成对比。作为第一个广泛的研究注释，它试图调查的关键文本和作者，以查看注释的概念框架中的知识是什么，它是如何在中世纪早期。拟议项目的目的之一是研究如何注释帮助塑造古典和犹太基督教学习在中世纪文化史的关键时期的继承。因此，理解注释使我们能够欣赏我们的知识遗产。另一个目的是调查注释，以深入了解中世纪早期书籍文化中知识的形成过程。在现代社会，我们高度重视快速、容易获得的知识，但本研究将提出一个完全不同的理想：知识是精心编纂的，通过努力构建的，有时甚至是通过解开那些被模糊化的、用训诂困难编码的或被权威来源引用的知识而获得的。因此，这项研究不仅在智力上而且在教育上都很重要。它表明，中世纪的注释对现代理解解释实践提出了一个问题。它认为，通过研究他们，我们可以开始理解什么价值，他们举行了中世纪早期的学术团体。最重要的是，这个项目将探讨注释对主流思想史的意义。例如，它研究如何注释帮助解决为什么古典异教作品被中世纪基督教学者阅读的问题，并着眼于注释揭示了中世纪早期的阅读实践。此外，这个项目的一个中心问题是重新思考中世纪早期注释的功能。在广泛的手稿研究的基础上，该项目试图证明，现代意义上的澄清并不是中世纪早期注释者的唯一意图，有时甚至根本不是他们的意图。注释器还增加了意义层，引入了复杂性，并提供了一个或多个单词的多种解释。因此，它们引入了意义的多义性，并强调了文本中潜在的模糊性。甚至还制造了一种神秘感。当然，我们只能推断他们的意图，但注释者确实加密和隐藏了信息，参与文字游戏和制造谜题，以及使可能很难理解的东西变得更容易理解-因此他们经常传达知识的复杂性和晦涩性-也就是说，在理解之前需要主动解码。本研究将通过对注释手稿的仔细阅读来论证，编码知识是一个过程，一个关键的认识论动态，而不是一种特定的知识。它是中世纪诠释学的核心，符合既定的解释，训诂和认知实践，旨在解开意义，并持续和缓慢的智力参与。这项研究有可能接触到对中世纪思想史和思想史感兴趣的更广泛的受众，并将吸引那些对中世纪和现代背景下的蒙昧主义和密码分析感兴趣的人。

项目成果

Ciphers, Codes, and Notes: Crafting Knowledge in the Medieval and Modern Worlds

密码、代码和注释：在中世纪和现代世界中创造知识

• 发表时间: 2021
• 作者: O'Sullivan S.

Handbook of Stemmatology: History, Methodology, Digital Approaches,

干细胞学手册：历史、方法论、数字方法、

• 发表时间: 2020
• 作者: Sinead O'Sullivan

Litterarum Dulces Fructus: Studies in Early Medieval Latin Culture in Honour of Michael W. Herren for his 80th Birthday,

Litterarum Dulces Fructus：中世纪早期拉丁文化研究，纪念迈克尔·W·赫伦 (Michael W. Herren) 80 岁生日，

• 发表时间: 2021
• 作者: Sinead O'Sullivan

Glossing Practice Comparative Perspectives

注释实践比较视角

• 发表时间: 2023
• 作者: 近藤明日子;宮川創;ALDERIK H. BLOM; FRANCK CINATO; DAVID CRAM; DEBORAH HAYDEN; TEIJI KOSUKEGAWA; AIMEE LAHAUSSOIS; PADRAIC MORAN; ANDREAS NIEVERGELT; SINEAD O’SULLIVAN; JOHN B. WHITMAN AND MATTHEW ZISK
• 通讯作者: ALDERIK H. BLOM; FRANCK CINATO; DAVID CRAM; DEBORAH HAYDEN; TEIJI KOSUKEGAWA; AIMEE LAHAUSSOIS; PADRAIC MORAN; ANDREAS NIEVERGELT; SINEAD O’SULLIVAN; JOHN B. WHITMAN AND MATTHEW ZISK

Martianus Capella et la circulation des savoirs dans l'Antiquité tardive: Actes du colloque en ligne (Paris, Sorbonne Université, 8-9 Avril 2021

Martianus Capella et lacirculation des savoirs dans lAntiquité tardive: Actes du colloque en ligne（巴黎，索邦大学，2021 年艾薇儿 8-9 日）

• 发表时间: 2022
• 作者: Sinead O'Sullivan