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Petitioning and People Power in Twentieth-Century Britain

二十世纪英国的请愿与人民力量

基本信息

批准号：
AH/T003847/1
负责人：
Richard Huzzey
金额：
$ 96.53万
依托单位：
Durham University
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2020
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2020 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FT003847%2F1
关键词：
Petitioning People Power Twentieth Century

项目摘要

Twentieth-century Britons petitioned a lot: Petitioners ranged from children opposing caning in the classroom, residents resisting new supermarkets on their streets, or campaigners seeking to abolish nuclear weapons around the globe. 79% of British respondents told the 1999 European Values Survey that they had signed a petition - a higher rate than turned out to vote in the 1997 General Election. Yet historians and social scientists have focused on elections as the primary experience of politics, missing the ways in which petitioners initiated personal protests to councillors, parliamentarians, monarchs, and almost every other imaginable figure of authority. The project brings together experts in the history of petitioning, in political studies of public engagement, and in twentieth-century British society to investigate petitioning as an activity and an institution. This enables the team to analyse the core challenge of mass democracy: how should direct, participatory, and representative democracy mix in a larger, more diverse political community? By identifying new meanings and contexts for the familiar, accessible practice of petitioning, we can assess changing social relations and political cultures beyond particular institutions or themes as a level of analysis. The project's broad chronology and interdisciplinary team permit investigation of the shift from paper to e-petitioning, enabling the first historical account of what might be gained and lost in transitions from analogue to digital politics. This research will test how particular campaigners embraced - or rejected - petitions at particular points in their activities. For example, at the outset of our period we suspect that an older tradition of parliamentary petitioning was waning in favour of addresses to the monarch or the government. However, in the decades after the Second World War campaigners took the initiative outside of any formal systems inviting or receiving their petitions, forcing their own petition sheets upon elected representatives or responsible authorities. The project also identifies both the local mechanics of activism and the changing technologies behind it. By the end of our period, a paper-based Jubilee 2000 petition to G8 leaders circulated in churches and schools, just as NGOs and the Scottish Parliament experimented with early internet petitions. Moreover, petitions have often offered their organisers an easy way to harvest contact details and personal data on supporters for future mobilisation. The project will explore how this practice developed alongside the professionalisation of political parties and pressure groups, as well as how they evaded successive data protection laws. Doing so will clarify and query contemporary dilemmas about e-petitions by understanding our recent past.A multidisciplinary team is able to assess the trends, range, and meanings of petitioning in twentieth-century Britain by using archival records from individuals, voluntary groups, and the government, alongside existing and new interviews of campaigners and those receiving petitions. For the later decades of our period we can add quantitative social survey data and study the shift to digital activism, connecting the history of petitioning to contemporary research on e-petitioning. Findings will be shared with practitioners in the UK's legislatures, local government, and NGOs. Academic articles and a monograph will analyse the variety and contexts of petitioning through case studies of particular signatory groups (such as young people), particular causes (such as environmentalism), and particular encounters with petitioning (such as newspaper and television images of petitions being presented). By exploring a widespread form for political expression - petitioning - this project will reveal the dynamics of representation, voluntary association, and popular sovereignty over a century of reinvention and change in British citizenship.

20世纪的英国人请愿的次数很多：请愿人既有反对在教室里打鞭子的儿童，也有抵制街道上新建超市的居民，也有寻求废除全球核武器的活动家。79%的英国受访者告诉1999年的欧洲价值观调查，他们签署了请愿书--这一比率高于1997年大选的投票率。然而，历史学家和社会科学家一直把选举作为政治的主要体验，忽视了请愿人向议员、议员、君主和几乎所有其他可以想象到的权威人物发起个人抗议的方式。该项目汇集了请愿历史、公众参与的政治研究和二十世纪英国社会的专家，将请愿作为一项活动和一种制度进行调查。这使该小组能够分析大众民主的核心挑战：直接民主、参与式民主和代议制民主应该如何融入更大、更多样化的政治共同体？通过为熟悉的、可获得的上访做法确定新的含义和背景，我们可以评估不断变化的社会关系和政治文化，而不仅仅是特定的机构或主题，作为一种分析水平。该项目广泛的年表和跨学科团队允许对从纸质请愿向电子请愿的转变进行调查，从而能够首次对从模拟政治向数字政治过渡过程中可能获得和失去的东西进行历史记录。这项研究将测试特定的活动家如何在他们的活动中的特定点接受或拒绝请愿书。例如，在我们时代之初，我们怀疑议会请愿的古老传统正在衰落，转而支持向君主或政府发表讲话。然而，在第二次世界大战后的几十年里，活动家们在邀请或接收他们的请愿书的任何正式系统之外采取了主动，迫使民选代表或负责当局提交自己的请愿书。该项目还确定了当地激进主义的机制及其背后不断变化的技术。到我们这段时间结束时，一份纸质的2000年禧年请愿书在教堂和学校里流传开来，就像非政府组织和苏格兰议会试验早期的互联网请愿书一样。此外，请愿书经常为组织者提供一种轻松的方式，为未来的动员收集支持者的联系方式和个人数据。该项目将探索这种做法是如何在政党和压力团体专业化的同时发展起来的，以及他们是如何规避连续的数据保护法的。这样做将通过了解我们最近的过去来澄清和质疑当代关于电子请愿的困境。一个多学科团队能够通过使用来自个人、志愿团体和政府的档案记录，以及对活动家和接受请愿者的现有和新的访谈，来评估20世纪英国请愿的趋势、范围和意义。在我们这个时期的后几十年，我们可以添加定量的社会调查数据，研究向数字激进主义的转变，将请愿的历史与当代对电子请愿的研究联系起来。调查结果将与英国立法机构、地方政府和非政府组织的从业人员分享。学术文章和专著将通过对特定签名群体(如年轻人)、特定原因(如环保主义)和与请愿的特殊遭遇(如正在提交请愿的报纸和电视图像)的案例研究，分析请愿的种类和背景。通过探索一种广泛的政治表达形式-请愿-这个项目将揭示一个世纪以来英国公民身份的重塑和变化中代表、自愿联合和人民主权的动态。