Understanding and Addressing the Impact of Invisibility on Conflict-Related Male Sex Violence in Syria

国际社会有义务或“保护责任”的概念并不新鲜。不仅在武装冲突的背景下，而且在处理经济、社会和文化权利时，都提出了这一问题。在这两种情况下，这一概念都包括：尊重的义务;保护的义务;履行的义务，即积极努力建立政治、经济和社会制度以及基础设施，使所有人口成员都能享有受保障的权利。虽然履行这些义务的责任主要在于本国境内的国家，但如果一国不能或缺乏能力，这一责任就越来越多地福尔斯在国际社会身上。而成员国则试图通过制定保护干预措施来应对生活在脆弱和受影响国家的个人的需求。然而，从现有的学术研究和联合国报告中可以清楚地看出，确定最有效和最适当的保护干预措施，以确认权利和减轻身心伤害，对国际社会构成了一些重大挑战。在关注与冲突有关的性暴力（CRSV），这一建议将解决这样一个挑战，并填补了我们认为是目前对男性CRSV幸存者的研究的重大差距。借鉴Jill Stauffer（2015）和Philipp Schultz（2018）的工作，我们将Stauffer的“道德孤独”概念定义为“当一个人，作为一个被侵犯的人或作为一个受迫害群体的成员，被人类抛弃时感到的孤立，或者被那些有权力的人”（1）男性CRSV幸存者。我们认为，在专注于这个主题组，并采用这个概念框架，我们的研究将从事四个指定的主题领域，这一呼吁的影响，侵犯，影响的缺席或无效的保护规划，影响的承认保护，影响的目标群体排除在有针对性的保护/响应。在他对乌干达性暴力的研究中，舒尔茨认为，更好地理解“外部强加的和针对性别的沉默的影响”具有“超越男性性暴力的更广泛的效用”，使我们能够更好地理解和解决“政治和战时性别暴力幸存者”的多重需求。“在关注雄性CRSV时，所提出的研究和方法将解决'鸡蛋模型'的每个方面，并且：1。为了解导致男性CRSV的因素及其滥用模式提供全面的基础; 2.审查最初的暴力行为的影响以及随后因男性CRSV被忽视而造成的伤害，包括：幸存者及其家人无法获得适当的、对文化和性别问题敏感的治疗和支持;对其社区的社会凝聚力的影响;以及可能出现的任何进一步暴力行为。3.制定关键战略，以解决男性CRSV的隐形层面，并促进获得关键支持和康复服务，包括性健康和生殖健康、其他医疗保健、心理健康和社会心理支持、保护以及获得司法/赔偿。（耻辱、禁忌、风险、性别规范、政策和方案中的缺失或排斥），这些因素可能会使男性性传播疾病幸存者落后。这反过来又影响到更广泛社区（包括家庭-特别是妇女和女孩，以及冲突后社区的恢复）的凝聚力、稳定和恢复，并影响到更长期的、也许是代际的传递，这在其他暴行罪中已经看到。研究设计还将考虑风险因素/受害者学和类型学，首先寻求认识男子和男孩对CRSV的风险和脆弱性（警报、预防、保护）。

The notion that the international community has a duty or "responsibility to protect" is not new. It has been raised not only in the context of armed conflict but also when addressing economic, social and cultural rights. In both contexts, the concept includes: the duty to respect; the duty to protect and; the duty to fulfil, that is, to work actively to establish political, economic, and social systems as well as infrastructure that provide access to the guaranteed right to all members of the population. While the responsibility to fulfil these obligations fall primarily to states within their own borders where a state fails or lacks capacity, that responsibility increasingly falls to the international community. Member states have, in turn, attempted to respond to the needs of individuals living in Fragile and Conflict-Affected States (FCAS) by developing protection interventions. Yet what is clear from existing academic research and UN reports, determining the most effective and appropriate protection interventions that affirm rights and mitigate physical or psychological harm poses a number of significant challenges for the international community. In focusing on conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV), this proposal will address one such challenge and fill what we argue to be significant gaps in current research on male CRSV survivors. Drawing on the work of Jill Stauffer (2015) and Philipp Schultz (2018), we will apply Stauffer's concept of 'ethical loneliness,' defined as the "isolation one feels when one, as a violated person or as one member of a persecuted group, has been abandoned by humanity, or by those who have power" (1) to male CRSV survivors. We argue that in focusing on this subject group and adopting this conceptual framework, our research will engage four of the designated thematic areas of this call-Impact of Violations, Impact of Absent or Ineffective Protection Programming, Impact of Recognition Protection, Impact of Targeting on groups excluded from targeted protection/response. In his Ugandan study of sexual violence, Schultz argues that providing a better understanding of the "effects of externally imposed and gender-specific silencing" has a "wider utility beyond male sexual violence" allowing us to better understand and address the multiple needs of "survivors of political and wartime gendered violence more broadly." In focusing on male CRSV, the research and methods proposed will address each prong of the 'egg model' and:1. Provide a comprehensive base for understanding the factors that lead to male CRSV, and its patterns of abuse; 2. Examine the impact of the initial violation and subsequent harm from the invisibility of male CRSV including: lack of access to appropriate, culturally and gender sensitive treatment and support for survivors and their family; impact on societal cohesion of their community and; any further violence that may manifest. 3. Develop key strategies to address the layers of invisibility of male CRSV, and facilitate access to critical support and recovery services, including sexual and reproductive health (SRH), other medical care, Mental Health and Psycho-Social Support (MHPSS), protection, and access to justice/reparations.In each of these tasks, the research questions are designed to interrogate the drivers of invisibility (stigma, taboos, risks, gendered norms, absence or exclusion from policies and programming) which can leave male SV survivors behind. This, in turn, effects cohesion, stability and recovery within the wider community (including families - specifically women and girls, and community recovery post-conflict), and longer term, perhaps inter-generational transmission which has been seen for other atrocity crimes. The research design will also consider risk factors/victimology and typology, seeking to recognise risks and vulnerabilities of men and boys for CRSV in the first place (alert, prevention, protection).