Typhoid, Cockles, and Terrorism: The turbulent history of Anglo-Irish typhoid control in revolutionary Dublin

《伤寒、柯克斯和恐怖主义》揭示了20世纪世纪都柏林帝国公共卫生政治与革命公共卫生政治之间的密切联系。我们的项目锚定并扩大了在伤寒的国际历史上屡获殊荣的盎格鲁-爱尔兰研究合作，并使用数字人文方法：a）对都柏林的盎格鲁-爱尔兰公共卫生和伤寒控制的（后）殖民政治进行创新研究。B）设计一个关于都柏林肠道历史的主要混合物理/数字展览和教育资源，以及c）创建一个空间编码的历史疾病，环境，我们的项目探讨了帝国卫生和微生物干预在动荡的背景下的影响和限制，殖民和革命时期的爱尔兰。即将到来的研究由我们命名的博士后，艾米丽·韦伯斯特（芝加哥大学），表明像都柏林和贝尔法斯特这样的城市一直到20世纪都在与伤寒流行作斗争，尽管采用了模仿伦敦大都市设计的供水和下水道系统以及类似的食品和牛奶供应法规。我们将使用历史和数字人文方法的组合来分析和数字化历史疾病数据，医疗通信，文化蜉蝣，基础设施记录和气象数据，以了解为什么英国的细菌和卫生干预措施在都柏林被证明是不切实际的，以及他们是如何被当地居民所感知的。我们将特别关注伦敦启发的污水处理系统如何无意中污染了都柏林的贝类银行，这是人口中较贫困阶层的重要生计来源，对公共卫生实验室能力的有限投资的影响，以及当地的精神病院如何被用来测试英国开发的伤寒疫苗。帝国的公共卫生政策产生了长期的后果。随着时间的推移，英国当局对爱尔兰公共卫生的相对忽视成为爱尔兰独立支持者的战斗口号。我们的项目探讨了爱尔兰革命者如何主张更好地预防伤寒，但也卷入了最早的生物恐怖主义恐慌之一，当时新芬党被指控试图在1920年用伤寒污染英国军队的牛奶供应。即使在独立后，帝国的遗产仍然是卫生基础设施，以及对天主教卫生习惯和宗教习俗的明显公共卫生关注-包括守灵时的贝类消费。我们的研究将创造一个重要的学术遗产，以量身定制的地理空间编码疾病，基础设施，水文和气象数据以及伤寒相关的文化短命植物的开放访问数据库的形式。我们还将在都柏林设计一个创新的伤寒混合物理数字展览。展览将在都柏林城市图书馆和档案馆（DCLA）和爱尔兰的皇家医师学院（RCPI）举办。它将展出与这座城市的传染病历史有关的文件和物品。我们将借鉴我们多次获奖的国际伤寒展览的成功，设计尖端的动画和伤寒流行和卫生干预措施的虚拟图尔斯之旅，以及疫苗开发和卫生的教育资源和游戏（玛丽马龙的烹饪课/几乎正确的疫苗实验室）。所有成果都将在我们的www.typhoidland.org网站上开放获取，并将纳入我们的博物馆合作伙伴为学校和当地观众精心制定的外联计划。通过重建20世纪世纪都柏林伤寒控制的动荡历史，伤寒，牡蛎和恐怖主义将为研究做出重大贡献，并吸引所有年龄组的观众公平获得有效的卫生基础设施和疫苗的重要性。

Typhoid, Cockles, and Terrorism uncovers the intimate connection between imperial and revolutionary public health politics in 20th century Dublin. Our project anchors and expands a multi-award winning Anglo-Irish research collaboration on the international history of typhoid and uses digital humanities approaches to:a) conduct innovative research on the (post)colonial politics of Anglo-Irish public health and typhoid control in Dublin.b) design a major blended physical/digital exhibition and educational resources on Dublin's enteric past, and c) create a pioneering open access database of spatially coded historical disease, environmental, and infrastructural data.Our project explores the impact and limits of imperial sanitary and microbiological interventions in the turbulent context of colonial and revolutionary Ireland. Forthcoming research by our named postdoc, Emily Webster (University of Chicago), indicates that cities like Dublin and Belfast struggled with typhoid fever epidemics well into the twentieth century despite adopting water and sewer systems modelled on the metropolitan design of London and comparable regulations of food and milk supplies. We will use a mix of historical and digital humanities methods to analyse and digitise historical disease data, medical correspondence, cultural ephemera, infrastructural records, and meteorological data to understand why British bacteriological and sanitary interventions proved impractical in Dublin and how they were perceived by local populations. We will focus specifically on how a London-inspired sewage system inadvertently contaminated Dublin's shellfish banks, which were an important source of sustenance for poorer segments of the population, the effects of limited investment in public health laboratory capacity, and how a local mental asylum was used to test English-developed typhoid vaccines. Imperial public health politics had long-term consequences. Over time, British authorities' relative neglect of Irish public health became a rallying cry for supporters of Irish independence. Our project explores how Irish revolutionaries argued for better preventive action against typhoid but were also implicated in one of the earliest bioterrorism scares when Sinn Féin was accused of trying to contaminate the milk supply of British troops with typhoid in 1920. Even after independence was achieved, imperial legacies remained in the form of sanitary infrastructures and a pronounced public health focus on Catholic hygiene habits and religious practices - including shellfish consumption at wakes. Our research will create an important academic legacy in the form of a tailor-made open access database of geospatially coded disease, infrastructural, hydrological, and meteorological data as well as typhoid-related cultural ephemera. We will also design an innovative blended physical-digital exhibition on typhoid in Dublin. The exhibition will be hosted at Dublin City Library and Archive (DCLA) and the Royal College of Physicians in Ireland (RCPI). It will feature documents and objects relating to the city's infectious past. We will draw on the success of our multi-award winning international Typhoidland exhibitions to design cutting-edge animations and virtual tours of typhoid prevalence and sanitary interventions over time as well as educational resources and games on vaccine development and hygiene (Mary Mallon's Cooking Class/ Sir Almost Right's Vaccine Lab). All outputs will be made available open access on our www.typhoidland.org website and will be integrated into our museum partners' well-developed outreach programs for schools and local audiences. By reconstructing the turbulent history of typhoid control in 20th century Dublin, Typhoid, Cockles, and Terrorism will make significant contributions to research and engage audiences from all age groups on the importance of equitable access to effective sanitary infrastructure and vaccines.