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Beyond Discovery: Religion, economics and administration in Sasanian Iran through new clay bullae from Taxt-e Solayman

超越发现：通过塔克斯特·索莱曼的新粘土大印了解萨珊王朝伊朗的宗教、经济和行政

基本信息

批准号：
AH/X004562/1
负责人：
Almut Hintze
金额：
$ 104.71万
依托单位：
School of Oriental and African Studies
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2023
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2023 至无数据
项目状态：
未结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FX004562%2F1
关键词：
Beyond Discovery Religion economics administration

项目摘要

The World Heritage Site of Taxt-e Solayman, or 'Throne of Solomon', is located in the province of Western Azerbaijan in Iran. It was home of the 'fire of the warriors and military chieftain', in Middle Persian: Adur Gushnasp, one of the three most sacred Zoroastrian fires of the Sasanian Empire (224-651 CE). There, between 2002 and 2008, during archaeological excavations under the auspices of the then Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization, Yousef Moradi excavated 824 Sasanian clay bullae, bearing almost 2,000 seal impressions. He thus recovered a new Iranian primary source for Sasanian history, which largely relies on non-Iranian accounts. The outstanding feature of this find is not only that it comes from one of the most important religious centres of Zoroastrian Iran, but also that it has a secure provenance. For, in contrast to most other collections of Sasanian seals, this one comes from a controlled and fully documented excavation. Now housed in the Museum of Urmia in Azerbaijan, it is unpublished and inaccessible to the public. The purpose of the present project is to analyse and publish it in a methodologically innovative way both in print and online, and to enhance its public visibility through exhibitions, 3-D models and replicas. Exploiting existing technologies of 3D imaging, computer vision and artificial intelligence, a new methodology will be developed for reading the inscriptions, which provide a wealth of personal and place names, administrative titles and religious phrases. The iconography on the sealings will be categorized and interpreted in order to understand the origin, diffusion, and meaning of the imagery. Laboratory analysis of the chemical composition of the bullae will examine whether the clay of a bulla comes from a single source or from different locations. Simultaneous thermal analysis will reveal the degree of heat exposure and whether the bullae were burnt in the aftermath of an accidental conflagration as a whole after being archived, or whether they were baked individually with a controlled fire after having been detached from the object. Using a "chaine operatoire" methodology, we will investigate the process which created bullae by transforming a lump of clay into a culturally meaningful and functional object bearing legal force. The manufacturing sequences include the steps by which the raw material was selected, extracted, shaped, modified, and transformed to be attached to objects, and later removed, baked and archived. The reverse of the bullae will be examined through the microscope for traces of the objects they once sealed. This will inform computer modelling techniques for reconstructing how a bulla was first affixed to an object by the sender and later removed by the receiver, on what kind of object it was attached, and whether it served for identification and authorization, or for closure and protection.Being the first project to ask this set of questions and to apply these methodologies to bullae, unprecedented data will be produced, analysed and interpreted to provide new insights into the reading of inscriptions and the imagery, the production process of bullae, sealing practices, the role of seals in Sasanian society, the economic activities of the Zoroastrian fire temple, and its interaction with different social and religious groups, including Jews and Christians. Results will be disseminated in print as articles and as a two-volume book to be published in the series Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum, covering sealing practices, inscriptions, iconography, and providing a full descriptive catalogue with plates. An electronic dataset, published online with metadata, will provide photographs and line drawings of all 824 bullae, and 3D models. Replicas of selected bullae will be made available at a workshop, and at exhibitions in the UK and at the Urmia Museum, Iran, where the bullae are stored.

世界遗产Taxt-e Solayman或“所罗门王座”位于伊朗西阿塞拜疆省。它是“战士和军事首领之火”的所在地，在中古波斯语中：Adur Gushnasp，是萨珊帝国（公元224-651年）三大最神圣的琐罗亚斯德教之一。2002年至2008年，在当时的伊朗文化遗产组织主持下进行的考古发掘期间，优素福·莫拉迪在那里挖掘了824个萨珊泥泡，上面有近2,000个印章。因此，他为萨珊历史找到了一个新的伊朗原始资料来源，而这些资料在很大程度上依赖于非伊朗人的叙述。这一发现的突出特点不仅在于它来自琐罗亚斯德教伊朗最重要的宗教中心之一，而且它有一个安全的出处。因为，与大多数其他的萨珊海豹收藏品不同，这枚海豹来自一次有控制的、有充分记录的挖掘。这本书现藏于阿塞拜疆的乌尔米亚博物馆，未出版，公众无法进入。本项目的目的是以方法创新的方式分析和出版印刷品和网络版，并通过展览、3D模型和复制品提高其公众知名度。利用现有的三维成像、计算机视觉和人工智能技术，将开发一种新的方法来阅读铭文，其中提供了大量的人名和地名、行政头衔和宗教短语。印章上的图像将被分类和解释，以了解图像的起源，传播和意义。实验室对大疱的化学成分进行分析，将检查大疱的粘土是来自单一来源还是来自不同地点。同时进行的热分析将揭示热暴露的程度，以及这些大疱在存档后是否在意外火灾后作为一个整体被烧毁，或者它们是否在与物体分离后被单独用受控的火烘烤。我们将使用“连锁经营”的方法论，通过将一块粘土转化为具有文化意义和功能的具有法律的力量的物体，来研究产生水泡的过程。制造顺序包括选择、提取、成形、修改和转换原材料以附着到物体上，然后移除、烘焙和存档的步骤。将通过显微镜检查大疱的背面，以寻找它们曾经密封的物体的痕迹。这将为计算机建模技术提供信息，用于重建一个水疱是如何首先被发送者固定在一个物体上，然后被接收者移除的，它被固定在什么样的物体上，以及它是用于识别和授权，还是用于封闭和保护。作为第一个提出这一系列问题并将这些方法应用于水疱的项目，将产生前所未有的数据，本书分析和解释了对铭文和图像的阅读、印玺的制作过程、印章的做法、印章在萨珊社会中的作用、琐罗亚斯德教火庙的经济活动及其与不同社会和宗教群体（包括犹太人和基督徒）的互动提供了新的见解。研究结果将作为文章和两卷本书以印刷品的形式传播，这两卷本书将在《伊朗铭文大全》系列中出版，内容包括密封做法、铭文、肖像画，并提供一个完整的描述性目录和插图。一个电子数据集，与元数据一起在线发布，将提供所有824个大疱的照片和线条图以及3D模型。选定的肺大疱复制品将在一个研讨会上提供，并在英国和伊朗乌尔米亚博物馆的展览中展出，那里储存了肺大疱。