Ectosymbionts of aari: a promising solution for mass rearing phytoseiidae?

aari 的外共生体：大规模饲养植物绥虫的有希望的解决方案？

• 批准号: BB/H016643/1
• 金额: $ 9.59万
• 依托单位: University of Reading
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Training Grant
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2010 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FH016643%2F1
• 关键词: Ectosymbionts; aari; promising; solution; mass

Symbiotic interactions between microorganisms and arthropods are known to be beneficial for many arthropod hosts. While endosymbionts are known to enhance host nutrition or to induce varies reproductive phenotypes, ectosymbionts, bacteria or fungi living in/upon the tegument of the host, are known for their effectiveness in providing protection or immunity, i.e. protecting the host against pathogenic microbials. Despite their importance in host survival, ectosymbionts have been overlooked. Over the past decades, most observations of arthropods required the use of destructive techniques in such a way that microorganisms living on the tegument were accidentally eliminated. With the advent of new microscopical and molecular techniques it is now possible to study ectosymbionts in situ. Recently, new interactions have been documented, most involving insects. Most if not all free-living mites transport bacteria and fungi on their tegument; the identity of these associations is still awaiting research. The Phytoseiidae are the most important mites in agriculture because of their capability and reliability as predators of pests of vegetables and crops. Several species are mass-reared and extensively applied as biological control agents. Their worldwide commercial use is under constant threat by emerging diseases, impoverishing mass rearing and weakening their predatory effectiveness. Any attempt to increase our knowledge on the biology of interactions between Phytoseiidae mites with their natural microflora will help to improve and strengthen their massive industrial production and enhance their rapid adaptation to new environments. This proposal aims to study the ectosymbiont-phytoseiidae interactions, using microscopy and molecular genetics combined with an ecological approach. Objectives and Timeline: 1-Test to prove beneficial effect of ectosymbionts (Year 1) 2-Ectosymbionts biodiversity and their host location. Molecular IDs of ectosymbionts from wildtypes and Certis Phytoseiidae (Years 1-2) 3-Replacement: Compare competitive replacement with forced replacement of ectosymbionts (Year 2) 4-Replacement and Mass Rearing. Compare Phytoseiidae with Certis and with wildtype ectosymbionts (Year 3) 5-Replacement and Competitiveness for fitness after release. Compare Phytoseiidae with Certis and with wildtype ectosymbionts (Years 3-4) This proposal is the genuine product of the interaction between academy and industry. The industrial partner is BCP Certis, a leading company for crop protection and pest control, and has initially approached the academic partner at Reading. The demand for food is escalating resulting in a wide expansion of crop production. Crop pests are thriving and there is an increasing demand for new controls. When possible the use of pesticides is being replaced by biological control. BCP Certis provides the beneficial agents to satisfy crop producers in Europe. BCP Certis seeks to find new remedies for mite disease to increase their massive production and enhance predatory fitness according to an ever increasing demand of their products. The supervisor at the University of Reading, M. Alejandra Perotti is one of a handful of acarologists in the UK with unique expertise in biology of predatory mites and symbiosis. The student will work with wildtype Phytoseiidae from the UK, South America and Spain. Microscopy and molecular analyses of ectosymbionts will be performed at Reading using state-of-the-art facilities at the BioCenter (for molecular work) and Center of Advance Microscopy (Electron microscopes). Objectives 1-2-3 will be carried out at the Acarology Lab in the School of Biological Sciences (SBS). BCP Certis has ample experience in massive rearing of commercial species currently producing 3 major predators; the student will perform objectives 4-5 at their experimental green houses.

微生物和节肢动物之间的共生相互作用对许多节肢动物宿主是有益的。众所周知，内共生菌可以增强寄主的营养或诱导不同的生殖表型，而寄生在寄主被层内/上的外生共生体、细菌或真菌，则以其提供保护或免疫的有效性而闻名，即保护寄主免受病原微生物的侵袭。尽管胞外共生菌在寄主生存中很重要，但它们一直被忽视。在过去的几十年里，对节肢动物的大多数观察都需要使用破坏性技术，这样一来，生活在覆盖层上的微生物就会被意外地消灭。随着新的显微镜和分子技术的出现，在原位研究胞外共生菌成为可能。最近，新的相互作用被记录在案，大多数涉及昆虫。大多数(如果不是全部)自由生活的蠕虫在它们的被膜上传播细菌和真菌；这些协会的身份仍有待研究。植蜂科是农业上最重要的螨类，因其对蔬菜和农作物害虫的捕食性和可靠性而成为最重要的害虫。有几个品种已被大规模饲养，并被广泛用作生防剂。它们在世界范围内的商业使用不断受到新出现的疾病的威胁，使大规模饲养变得贫困，并削弱了它们的捕食效力。任何试图增加我们对植螨科与其自然微生物区系相互作用的生物学知识的尝试，都将有助于改进和加强它们的大规模工业生产，并增强它们对新环境的快速适应。这项建议旨在利用显微镜、分子遗传学和生态学相结合的方法来研究外生共生菌与植蜂科的相互作用。目标和时间表：1-测试以证明外生共生菌的有益效果(第1年)2-外生共生菌的生物多样性及其寄主位置。野生型和植蜂科外生共生体的分子ID(1-2岁)3-替换：比较竞争性替换和强制替换外共生体(2年)4-替换和大规模饲养。比较植物科与Certis和野生型外共生体(第3年)5-替换和放生后的竞争力。将植物科与Certis和野生型外共生体(3-4岁)进行比较，这一建议是学术界和产业界互动的真正产物。工业合作伙伴是BCP Certis，一家领先的作物保护和病虫害防治公司，并已初步与雷丁的学术合作伙伴接洽。对粮食的需求正在升级，导致作物生产的广泛扩大。农作物病虫害正在猖獗，对新的防治措施的需求也在不断增加。在可能的情况下，杀虫剂的使用正在被生物防治所取代。BCP Certis提供了有益的制剂，以满足欧洲作物生产者的要求。BCP Certis根据对其产品日益增长的需求，寻求治疗螨病的新药物，以增加其大规模生产，并增强捕食性适应能力。雷丁大学的主管M.Alejandra Perotti是英国为数不多的在捕食性螨类生物学和共生方面拥有独特专业知识的粉螨学家之一。这名学生将与来自英国、南美和西班牙的野生型植物科一起工作。外共生体的显微镜和分子分析将在雷丁使用生物中心(分子工作)和高级显微镜中心(电子显微镜)的最先进设施进行。目标1-2-3将在生物科学学院(SBS)的螨学实验室进行。BCP Certis在大规模饲养商业物种方面有丰富的经验，目前正在生产3种主要的捕食者；该学生将在他们的实验温室中实现目标4-5。