Wheat Association Genetics for Trait Advancement and Improvement of Lineages

小麦关联遗传学促进性状提升和谱系改良

• 批准号: BB/J002607/1
• 负责人: James Brown
• 金额: $ 12.52万
• 依托单位: John Innes Centre
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2012 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FJ002607%2F1
• 关键词: Wheat; Association; Genetics; Trait; Advancement

Diseases of crops present major threats to the security of food supplies throughout the world. In the UK, our more important crop, wheat, is challenged by several significant harmful organisms including fungi, viruses and insects. Food production which is environmentally and economically sustainable requires crop yields to be maintained despite attacks by these pathogens. The two main pillars of disease control in arable crops are pesticide applications and the cultivation of resistant varieties. New legislation by the European Union will prevent increasingly severe obstacles to the introduction and use of pesticides from 2014 onwards, especially after 2018. Improved disease resistance is an important objective for wheat breeding but will become even more crucial to project food production in the UK once the new EU regulations come fully into effect. Almost all research on plant diseases, whether of crops or model species, focuses on single diseases. In field conditions, however, it is normal for crops to be attacked by epidemics of several pests and parasites simultaneously. This proposal takes a novel approach to researching the genetics of resistances to multiple diseases and their impact on yield. A particularly important goal is to identify genes for resistance to one disease which neither reduce yield nor increase susceptibility to other, non-target diseases. We will achieve this aim using association genetics, an approach which has proved extremely powerful in research on the genetics of disease and other traits in human populations. We will study a panel of 480 wheat varieties, including varieties which are commercially significant at present and their progenitors. We have chosen to study the four main diseases caused by fungi that attack the leaves of wheat plants. Together, these diseases present the main actual and potential threats to yield of wheat in UK conditions. There is currently good resistance in UK wheat varieties to powdery mildew and it is important that this desirable situation continues. Resistance to Septoria tritici has improved over the last ten years but this is still the most important wheat disease. Resistance to yellow rust is generally good by international standards but is often not durable, being quickly overcome through evolution of virulence in the fungus. There have been severe epidemics of brown rust in the UK in recent years and it is important that the average level of resistance of our wheat varieties to this disease is improved. An important goal is to generate a resource for use by the whole wheat research community. The association genetics analysis and the associated data, seed and DNA stocks will be a excellent resource for research on traits which are currently important. It will also, however, enable breeders and geneticists to respond to new threats, such as diseases which become important rapidly as a result of climate change or new agronomic practices; this has happened recently with Ramularia leaf spot of barley in northern Europe, including the UK. In summary, the association genetics approach will enhace current wheat breeding, especially for disease resistance, and enable us to be forearmed against future challenges.

作物病害对全世界的粮食供应安全构成重大威胁。在英国，我们更重要的作物小麦受到几种重要有害生物的挑战，包括真菌、病毒和昆虫。环境和经济上可持续的粮食生产要求在受到这些病原体攻击的情况下保持作物产量。防治农作物病害的两大支柱是施用农药和培育抗病品种。欧盟的新立法将防止从2014年起，特别是2018年之后，杀虫剂的引入和使用面临日益严重的障碍。提高抗病性是小麦育种的一个重要目标，但一旦欧盟新法规全面生效，这对英国的粮食生产项目将变得更加重要。几乎所有关于植物病害的研究，无论是作物还是模式物种，都集中在单一病害上。然而，在田间条件下，作物同时受到几种害虫和寄生虫流行病的侵袭是正常的。这一提议为研究对多种病害的抗性遗传及其对产量的影响提供了一种新的方法。一个特别重要的目标是鉴定对一种疾病的抗性基因，这种基因既不降低产量，也不增加对其他非目标疾病的易感性。我们将使用关联遗传学来实现这一目标，这种方法在人类疾病遗传学和其他特征的研究中被证明是非常强大的。我们将研究一组480个小麦品种，包括目前具有商业意义的品种及其祖先。我们选择研究由真菌攻击小麦植物叶片引起的四种主要疾病。总之，这些疾病是英国小麦产量的主要实际和潜在威胁。目前，英国小麦品种对白粉病具有良好的抗性，重要的是这种理想的情况继续下去。在过去的十年里，对三孢壳针孢的抗性有所提高，但这仍然是最重要的小麦病害。根据国际标准，对黄锈病的抗性通常很好，但往往不持久，通过真菌中毒力的进化很快被克服。近年来，英国发生了严重的褐锈病流行，重要的是提高我们小麦品种对这种疾病的平均抗性水平。一个重要的目标是产生一个资源供全麦研究界使用。关联遗传学分析和相关的数据，种子和DNA库存将是一个很好的资源，研究目前重要的性状。然而，它也将使育种家和遗传学家能够应对新的威胁，例如由于气候变化或新的农艺措施而迅速变得重要的疾病;最近在包括英国在内的北方欧洲发生的大麦柱隔孢叶斑病就是如此。总之，关联遗传学方法将加强当前小麦育种，特别是抗病育种，并使我们能够提前应对未来的挑战。