ANIHWA CALL1:Improved Understanding of Epidemiology of PPR (IUEPPR)

PPR是一种经济上重要的疾病，特别影响最贫穷人口的家庭经济，主要影响非洲、中东和亚洲的家养绵羊和山羊。它的病原是一种与牛瘟病毒（RPV）密切相关的麻疹病毒，RPV是继天花病毒之后第二个被消灭的动物病毒，最近才被消灭。PPR病毒（PPRV）感染牛科（Bovidae）、鹿科（Cervidae）和猪科（Suidae）的偶蹄动物的广泛宿主范围，例如非洲布法罗（Syncerus caffer）、羚羊、鹿、野山羊、绵羊鹿和猪（科克（Kock）等人，2006，2008; Furley 1987; Abubakar等人，2011年）。这些物种中有许多是高度濒危的（IUCN红色名录2012），特别是那些来自山区和干旱地区，那里的小牲畜占主导地位。尽管有有效的疫苗和诊断测试来控制PPR，但它正在迅速传播。它现在在土耳其，在通往欧盟和威胁南部非洲的门户。PPR管理的失败可能与停止RPV疫苗接种（具有交叉保护作用，广泛用于家养绵羊和山羊）和忽视小牲畜部门有关。从历史上看，在中东围栏围栏中饲养的野生偶蹄类动物中观察到受感染的家养绵羊和山羊的PPR溢出。最近，在自由放养的野生动物中报道了自然感染，特别是在西藏的inbharal（Bao等人，2011 & 2012），巴基斯坦的野山羊（Abubakar et al.，2011& 2012）和库尔德斯坦的野山羊（Hoffmann et al.，2012年）。所有这些野生动物疫情都与受PPR感染的牲畜有关。野生动物在PPR流行病学中的作用仍不清楚（Banyard等人，2010年）。目前尚不清楚野生动物是否有助于PPRV的当地传播、传播和维持，从而可能将原本分开的牲畜放牧区联系起来（Baron等人，2011年）。 PPRV野生动物数据太少，无法得出任何结论。PPR监测的诊断工具存在，但它们不能快速检测现场感染，排除快速控制和快速现场测试，如侧流装置和环介导的等温扩增（LAMP），需要开发和验证。一个挑战是获取野生动物样本，涉及技术和相关费用。目前的方法需要捕捉动物进行采样。从家畜粪便中获得抗体和病毒抗原的最新成功（Abubakar等人，2012）表明这种方法可能适用于野生动物。需要紧急关注这一流行病的边界。土耳其是最接近欧洲的国家，报告了PPR的爆发（尽管与亚洲土耳其相比，疾病在欧洲土耳其的传播范围较小，但2011-2012年在欧洲土耳其的国内绵羊和山羊中有20例实验室确认的PPR爆发报告）。它拥有与欧洲相同的野生反刍动物群落，包括山羊（野生山羊，羚羊）和鹿科的代表。野山羊作为家养山羊的祖先具有很高的价值;鹿科（roe deer，红鹿）具有重要意义，因为它们是欧洲分布最广、数量最多的野生反刍动物。这些野生反刍动物可能是PPRV在远距离感染群体与健康绵羊和山羊群体之间传播的桥梁物种。迫切需要开展研究，以阐明PPR在野生动物物种和种群中的流行病学（Munir，2013），包括基因组、毒力和田间生态流行病学研究，这对于建立PPRV的高效和有效控制策略至关重要。

PPR is an economically important disease, especially affecting the household economy of the poorest people, affecting mainly domestic sheep and goats in Africa, the Middle East and Asia. Its causative agent is a Morbillivirus closely related to rinderpest virus (RPV) which has just been eradicated, the first-ever animal virus eradicated And the second after smallpox virus. PPR virus (PPRV) infects a wide host range of cloven hoofed animals of the families Bovidae, Cervidae and Suidae, e.g. African buffalo Syncerus caffer, antelopes, deer, wild goat, sheep deer and pigs(Kock et al., 2006, 2008; Furley 1987; Abubakar et al., 2011). Many of these species are highly endangered (IUCN Red List 2012), especially those from mountainous and arid regions, where small livestock predominate. It is spreading rapidly despite availability of effective vaccines and diagnostic tests for PPR control. It is now in Turkey at the gateway to the European Union and threatening southern Africa. The failure to manage PPR is perhaps, linked to both cessation of RPV vaccination which was cross protective and widely used in domestic sheep and goats and inattention to the small livestock sector. Historically, PPR spill-over from infected domestic sheep and goats was observed in wild artiodactyls kept in fenced enclosures in the Middle East. More recently, natural infection was reported in free-ranging wildlife, notably inbharal in Tibet (Bao et al., 2011 & 2012), ibex in Pakistan (Abubakar et al., 2011& 2012), and wild goats in Kurdistan (Hoffmann et al., 2012). All these wildlife outbreaks were associated with PPR-infected livestock. The role of wildlife in PPR epidemiology remains unclear (Banyard et al., 2010). It is not known whether wildlife contributes to the local transmission, spread and maintenance of PPRV, thus possibly linking otherwise separate livestock grazing areas (Baron et al., 2011). PPRV wildlife data are too scarce to draw any conclusion. Diagnostic tools for PPR surveillance exist but they are not able to detect field infection rapidly, precluding rapid control and rapid field tests, such as Lateral Flow Devices and Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), need to be developed and validated. A challenge is accessing wildlife samples, for technical and related costs. Current methods require animal capture for sampling. Recent success in obtaining antibody and virus antigen from faeces in livestock (Abubakar et al., 2012) suggest that this method might be applicable in wildlife. Urgent attention is needed at the borders of the pandemic. Turkey is the closest country to Europe that has reported outbreaks of PPR (though disease is less widespread in European Turkey in comparison to Asian Turkey, there were 20 laboratory confirmed PPR outbreaks reports in domestic sheep and goats in European Turkey 2011-2012). It hosts the same community of wild ruminants as Europe including representatives from the Caprinae (wild goats, chamois) and Cervidae. Wild goats are of high interest as the ancestor of the domestic goats; Cervidae (roe deer, red deer) are of importance because they are the most widespread and abundant wild ruminants in Europe. Theses wild ruminants might play the role of bridge species for PPRV transmission between distant populations ofinfected and health domestic sheep and goats populations. Research is urgently needed to clarify the epidemiology of PPR in wildlife species and populations (Munir, 2013), including genomic, virulence and field eco-epidemiological studies, crucial to establish an efficient and effective control strategy for PPRV.