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MycoRhizaSoil: Combining wheat genotypes with cultivation methods to facilitate mycorrhizosphere organisms improving soil quality and crop resilience

MycoRhizaSoil：将小麦基因型与栽培方法相结合，促进菌根际生物改善土壤质量和作物恢复力

基本信息

批准号：
BB/L026066/1
负责人：
Jonathan Leake
金额：
$ 89.49万
依托单位：
University of Sheffield
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2014
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2014 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FL026066%2F1
关键词：
MycoRhizaSoil Combining wheat genotypes cultivation

项目摘要

Loss of soil organic matter content and soil macroaggregates (crumbs) as a result of arable cultivation reduces soil water and nutrient holding capacity and are major global constraints on crop yields and efficient use of fertilizer. In the UK wheat yield have not increased over nearly 20 years due to interactions between genetic, environment and management constraints. Modern wheat breeding has focussed on selection for disease resistance and increasing yield and quality of the grain, without consideration of other traits that can influence soil quality and ultimately, the long-term sustainabilty of soil. Soil erosion is a major global problem exacerbated by ploughing, loss of soil organic matter and the macroaggregates that hold soil together against water and wind erosion. One of the most important functional groups of organisms that are involved in stabilizing soil macroaggregates and contributing to soil organic matter storage are symbiotic fungi called mycorrhizas that receive sugars from plant roots in return for providing nutrients and water to the plants. We have recently shown that some modern wheat varieties have limited or no ability to form mycorrhizal symbiosis, and members of our consortium were amongst the first to show that conventional arable farming reduces the diversity and functioning of these symbionts. Loss of these symbionts and their functioning is thought to be contributory to loss of soil quality, both directly through effects on soil organic matter and soil structure, and indirectly though reductions in defences against pathogens which are induced by the symbiosis and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria that are thought to act synergistically with mycorrhizas.MycoRhizaSoil will determine the crucial roles mycorrhiza and co-associated soil microorganisms play in maintaining soil structure and organic matter content, which are required for high yields, and directly addresses for the first time the benefits of selecting wheat genotypes and less intensive management to enhance the functional benefits of these crop-microbe interactions to deliver lower input, more sustainable and resilient wheat production. Our approach combines laboratory and field based research using wheat lines that differ in mycorrhiza-forming capacity but are otherwise genetically very similar, selected over 500 lines of wheat bred from two parents that differed in mycorrhiza-forming ability. The laboratory-based research will resolve the mechanistic basis of mycorrhiza-induced systemic defenses to important root and shoot pathogens that cause major yield losses of wheat in the UK and globally. In a series of sequential field trials using the selected wheat lines we will determine the extent to which artificial inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi, the temporary conversion of crop land to grassland (to restore mycorrhiza) and adoption of no-tillage leads to improvements in soil quality and crop resilence to drought, excess water and native diseases compared to wheat grown conventionally with annual tillage. Our agenda-setting research programme identifies a new set of targets for optimising plant breeding and arable management for sustainable wheat production. Our ambitious ultimate goal is to provide the scientific evidence to evaluate the benefits of simultaneously reducing the need for ploughing (one of the most fossil-fuel demanding farm operations and one of the most damaging to soil conservation and sustainability) and increasing the activities of beneficial soil microorganisms through wheat genotype selection. In combination we predict these approaches will increase the storage of soil organic carbon in the surface soil, help restore water-stable macroaggregates and increase crop resilience to climate stress (too much and too little water) and diseases.

可耕地造成的土壤有机质含量和土壤大团聚体（碎屑）的损失降低了土壤的水分和养分保持能力，是全球限制作物产量和有效使用肥料的主要因素。在英国，由于遗传、环境和管理限制之间的相互作用，小麦产量在近20年来没有增加。现代小麦育种的重点是选择抗病性和提高产量和品质的粮食，而不考虑其他性状，可以影响土壤质量，并最终，土壤的长期可持续性。土壤侵蚀是一个主要的全球性问题，由于翻耕、土壤有机质的流失以及将土壤结合在一起防止水和风侵蚀的大团聚体的流失而加剧。参与稳定土壤大团聚体并有助于土壤有机质储存的生物体的最重要的功能群之一是称为菌根的共生真菌，其从植物根部接收糖以作为向植物提供营养和水的回报。我们最近已经表明，一些现代小麦品种形成菌根共生的能力有限或没有，我们的财团成员是第一批表明，传统的可耕地农业减少了这些共生体的多样性和功能。这些共生体及其功能的丧失被认为是土壤质量丧失的原因，直接通过对土壤有机质和土壤结构的影响，间接地通过减少对病原体的防御，这是由共生和植物生长促进根际细菌诱导的，这些根际细菌被认为与菌根协同作用。相关的土壤微生物在维持高产所需的土壤结构和有机质含量方面发挥作用，并首次直接解决了选择小麦基因型和较低密集管理的好处，以提高这些作物-微生物相互作用的功能效益，从而实现更低投入、更可持续和更有弹性的小麦生产。我们的方法结合了实验室和田间研究，使用菌根形成能力不同但在其他方面遗传上非常相似的小麦品系，从菌根形成能力不同的两个亲本中选择了500多个小麦品系。基于实验室的研究将解决菌根诱导的系统防御的机制基础，以重要的根和芽病原体，导致英国和全球小麦的主要产量损失。在一系列连续的田间试验中，使用选定的小麦品系，我们将确定在何种程度上人工接种菌根真菌，临时转换的作物土地草地（恢复菌根）和采用免耕导致改善土壤质量和作物抗旱性，水分过多和本地疾病相比，小麦种植传统的年度耕作。我们的作物设置研究计划确定了一套新的目标，以优化植物育种和耕地管理，实现可持续小麦生产。我们雄心勃勃的最终目标是提供科学证据，以评估同时减少耕地需求（对化石燃料需求最大的农场作业之一，也是对土壤保护和可持续性最具破坏性的农业作业之一）和通过小麦基因型选择增加有益土壤微生物活动的好处。结合起来，我们预测这些方法将增加土壤有机碳在表层土壤中的储存，帮助恢复水稳定的大团聚体，并提高作物对气候压力（水太多或太少）和疾病的适应能力。