DIVERSE - DIVerse crop residues Engender Resilience of Soil functions and Ecosystem services

多样化 - 多样化的农作物残留物增强土壤功能和生态系统服务的恢复力

• 批准号: BB/R006989/1
• 负责人: Tom Sizmur
• 金额: $ 55.43万
• 依托单位: University of Reading
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2018 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FR006989%2F1
• 关键词: DIVERSE; DIVerse; crop; residues; Engender

This project will test the idea that cover crop green manure mixtures are a tractable means to increase the diversity of carbon compounds entering soils and that this increased biochemical diversity leads to a greater diversity of enzymes produced by the soil microbial community, and, in turn, the potential to make more nutrients available to crops during and after disturbances such as floods and droughts.There is a recognised need to sustainably intensify our food production systems this century to meet global demand. The increases in crop yield potential achieved by genetic improvements have not translated into on-farm yield increases of the same magnitude due to sub-optimal growing conditions. Sub-optimal quality and health of the soils on which crops are grown is a major constraint to the realisation of the genetic yield potential. Crops have failed to achieve their yield as a result of unsustainable soil management that has reduced the ability of the soil microbial community to deliver underpinning functions and services (e.g. nutrient mineralisation). Sustainable soils are those that can consistently achieve crop yield potential by delivering ecological functions despite disturbances (e.g. floods and drought) which are expected to become more frequent and severe as our climate changes. The energy required for the soil microbial community to deliver these functions in agricultural soils is provided by organic compounds entering the soil in the form of root exudates, crop residues or organic manures. When a single carbon substrate is added to a soil (e.g. by incorporating the residues of the previous crop in an arable rotation), a microbial community that is most adapted to exploiting that substrate is activated. When applying several biochemically contrasting substrates, the number of ecological niches increases and the groups of organisms capable of exploiting each of these niches are stimulated. The functional diversity of the soil microbial community is thus increased and the capability to deliver ecosystem functions (e.g. nitrogen mineralisation) is more secure since the suppression of one group of organisms due to a disturbance (e.g. a flood or a drought) can be compensated by other groups, thereby enhancing resistance and resilience of the soil microbial community to disturbance. Cover crop green manures offer a tractable means to introduce biochemically contrasting crop resides into arable crop rotations because their inclusion does not significantly change the agronomic management of the cash crop. Crop residue diversity can be increased further by incorporating cover crop mixtures comprised of species from a diverse range of plant families since each plant family produces unique plant secondary metabolites. Thus, the incorporation of diverse cover crop mixtures provides biochemically diverse organic compounds that may alter the structure of the soil microbial community and increase the range of organisms capable of metabolising nitrogen-containing organic compounds. This greater diversity and functional redundancy of the soil microbial community may enable the mineralisation of nitrogen associated with the soil organic matter to be maintained after a flood or drought event, when plant demand is restored. This project will track the fate of carbon applied to soils as unary, binary, tertiary and quaternary mixtures of contrasting cover crop residues using by labelling them and determining which members of the soil microbial community incorporate them into their biomass. Pot and field experiments will investigate whether increasing the diversity of cover crop residues incorporated into soils alters the structure of the soil microbial community, increases the potential for the soils to mineralise nitrogen, before, during and after flooding and drought, and increase the delivery of beneficial ecosystem services (crop yield and nutrient use efficiency).

该项目将检验以下观点：覆盖作物绿色肥料混合物是增加进入土壤的碳化合物多样性的一种易于处理的手段，这种生物化学多样性的增加导致土壤微生物群落产生的酶的更大多样性，在洪水和干旱等干扰期间和之后，有可能为作物提供更多的养分。加强本世纪的粮食生产系统以满足全球需求。由于次优的生长条件，通过遗传改良实现的作物产量潜力的增加并没有转化为相同幅度的农场产量增加。种植作物的土壤质量和健康状况欠佳是实现遗传产量潜力的主要制约因素。由于不可持续的土壤管理降低了土壤微生物群落提供基础功能和服务（例如营养矿化）的能力，作物未能实现其产量。可持续的土壤是那些能够通过提供生态功能持续实现作物产量潜力的土壤，尽管随着我们的气候变化，预计干扰（如洪水和干旱）将变得更加频繁和严重。土壤微生物群落在农业土壤中发挥这些功能所需的能量由以根系分泌物、作物残体或有机肥料形式进入土壤的有机化合物提供。 当一个单一的碳基质被添加到土壤中（例如，通过将前一作物的残留物纳入耕作轮作）时，最适合利用该基质的微生物群落被激活。当应用几个生物化学对比基板，生态位的数量增加，并能够利用这些生态位的生物体的群体受到刺激。因此，土壤微生物群落的功能多样性增加，并且提供生态系统功能（例如氮矿化）的能力更安全，因为由于干扰（例如洪水或干旱）而对一组生物体的抑制可以由其他组补偿，从而增强土壤微生物群落对干扰的抵抗力和恢复力。 覆盖作物绿色肥料提供了一种易于处理的方法，将生物化学对比作物残留物引入到可耕地作物轮作中，因为它们的加入不会显著改变经济作物的农艺管理。作物残留物的多样性可以进一步增加，包括覆盖作物混合物的物种从不同的植物科，因为每个植物科产生独特的植物次生代谢产物。因此，不同覆盖作物混合物的掺入提供了生物化学上不同的有机化合物，这可能会改变土壤微生物群落的结构，并增加能够代谢含氮有机化合物的生物体的范围。土壤微生物群落的这种更大的多样性和功能冗余可能使与土壤有机质相关的氮的矿化在洪水或干旱事件后，当植物需求恢复时得以维持。该项目将跟踪以对比覆盖作物残体的一元、二元、三元和四元混合物形式施入土壤的碳的去向，方法是对它们进行标记，并确定土壤微生物群落的哪些成员将它们纳入其生物量。盆栽和田间试验将调查增加纳入土壤的覆盖作物残留物的多样性是否会改变土壤微生物群落的结构，增加土壤矿化氮的潜力，在洪水和干旱之前，期间和之后，并增加有益的生态系统服务（作物产量和养分利用效率）。

项目成果

The mixture of cover crop residues induced a synergistic effect on microbial communities and an additive effect on soil organic matter priming

覆盖作物残留物的混合物对微生物群落产生协同效应，并对土壤有机质引发产生累加效应

• DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-egu21-2159
• 发表时间: 2021
• 作者: Shu X

Cover crop residue diversity enhances microbial activity and biomass with additive effects on microbial structure

• DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.08.430214
• 发表时间: 2021-02
• 期刊: bioRxiv
• 作者: Xin Shu;Yiran Zou;L. Shaw;L. Todman;M. Tibbett;T. Sizmur

Applying cover crop residues as diverse mixtures increases initial microbial assimilation of crop residue-derived carbon.

• DOI: 10.1111/ejss.13232
• 发表时间: 2022-03
• 期刊: European journal of soil science
• 影响因子: 4.2

Legacy of warming and cover crops on the response of soil microbial function to repeated drying and rewetting cycles

• DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.21.571204
• 发表时间: 2023-12
• 期刊: bioRxiv
• 作者: A. A. Adekanmbi-A.;Yiran Zou;Xin Shu;Giacomo Pietramellara;S. Pathan;Lindsay Todman;T. Sizmur

Mixing crop residues induces a synergistic effect on microbial biomass and an additive effect on soil organic matter priming

• DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.11.443543
• 发表时间: 2021-05
• 期刊: bioRxiv
• 作者: Xin Shu;Yiran Zou;L. Shaw;L. Todman;M. Tibbett;T. Sizmur