Biological crop protection: a new 'slow down/speed up' strategy for aphid management

生物作物保护：蚜虫管理的新“减速/加速”策略

• 批准号: BB/R021708/1
• 负责人: David Chandler
• 金额: $ 77.49万
• 依托单位: University of Warwick
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2018 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FR021708%2F1
• 关键词: Biological; crop; protection; new; slow

Aphids are important insect pests of a wide range of crop plants. For crops grown outdoors, including field vegetables and arable plants, the standard way of managing aphids has been to apply synthetic chemical insecticides. Originally these were very effective, but excessive use of pesticides has caused some key aphid pests to evolve resistance. At the same time, there are concerns about the environmental impact of pesticide use, which has led to many products being withdrawn from sale. Such as the neonicotinoids. This has left farmers with few workable options for controlling aphid pests which have now become a major threat to farm production. A sustainable form of aphid management that can be used by farmers is urgently needed. To make crop protection more sustainable and less prone to resistance, it is better not to over-rely on any one intervention. Diversification of tactics can be achieved through Integrated Pest Management (IPM), a way of controlling pests by combining different, complementary control agents in an environmentally sensitive way. These should principally be biological methods that include breeding pest resistant crop varieties, the use of natural enemies such as parasitic wasps, together with 'biopesticide' products based on beneficial microbes or natural products. These crop protection tools are safe for people and the environment and so they should provide a better form of crop protection. Chemical insecticides do have a role in IPM, but they are used only when necessary in order to reduce the chances of pests evolving resistance to them. Unfortunately, because farmers have been so reliant on chemical insecticides as the principle form of pest control, there is currently no effective IPM system in place yet for the majority of aphid pests in field crops. The development of IPM has been held back by a lack of new pest control agents and the knowledge about how they interact when used together. The project involves five interlinked pieces of work. (1) Data on gene expression from multiple brassica crop types is used to identify plant lines that have a high probability of showing resistance to aphids, and this will be confirmed in experiments with aphids feeding on plants in the laboratory. The gene expression data will allow genetic makers to be developed that can be used by seed companies in their plant breeding programmes. (2) The biological basis for plant resistance to aphids is determined using a series of laboratory and field experiments. (3) Research on fungal biopesticides is done to determine how their performance is affected by the environmental conditions in the field, and also to understand how crop plant resistance affects their efficacy against aphids. (4) Complementary research looks at how different types of brassica plant, with resistance to aphids, affect the function of parasitic wasps, which are important natural control agents of aphids on field crops. (5) The interaction of resistant crops, fungal biopesticides and parasitoids are studied in the field in an IPM system. The aim of this project is to develop the new knowledge and tools needed for an IPM system for aphid pests of field crops. The work centres on the peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae, which is a pest of a wide range of crops and has evolved resistance to many commonly used insecticides. The experiments involve vegetable brassicas and oilseed rape but the intention is to extend the system to other crops (sugar beet, potatoes) in future research. The research is based on a hypothesis that brassica plants with partial resistance that slows down aphid development makes the pest more susceptible to biological control agents and speeds up control with biopesticides and parasitic wasps. The project will benefit farmers and growers and others in the supply chain. The general public will benefit from improved food security and better care of the environment.

蚜虫是危害多种农作物的重要害虫。对于室外种植的作物，包括田间蔬菜和可耕地植物，管理蚜虫的标准方法是使用合成化学杀虫剂。最初这些都是非常有效的，但过度使用农药已经导致一些关键的蚜虫害虫进化出抗药性。与此同时，人们对农药使用对环境的影响感到担忧，这导致许多产品退出销售。例如类尼古丁。这使得农民在控制蚜虫害虫方面几乎没有可行的选择，蚜虫害虫现已成为农业生产的主要威胁。迫切需要一种农民可以使用的可持续蚜虫管理形式。为了使作物保护更具可持续性，更不容易产生抗药性，最好不要过度依赖任何一种干预措施。可通过虫害综合管理实现策略的多样化，虫害综合管理是一种以环境敏感的方式将不同的互补控制剂结合起来控制虫害的方法。这些方法应主要是生物方法，包括培育抗虫害的作物品种，使用寄生蜂等天敌，以及基于有益微生物或天然产品的“生物农药”产品。这些作物保护工具对人类和环境都是安全的，因此它们应该提供更好的作物保护形式。化学杀虫剂确实在IPM中发挥作用，但只有在必要时才使用，以减少害虫对它们产生抗药性的机会。不幸的是，由于农民一直如此依赖化学杀虫剂作为害虫控制的主要形式，目前还没有有效的IPM系统用于田间作物中的大多数蚜虫害虫。由于缺乏新的害虫控制剂以及关于它们在一起使用时如何相互作用的知识，IPM的发展一直受到阻碍。该项目涉及五个相互关联的部分。(1)来自多种芸苔作物类型的基因表达数据用于鉴定具有高概率显示对蚜虫的抗性的植物品系，并且这将在实验室中以蚜虫为食的植物的实验中得到证实。基因表达数据将使种子公司能够在其植物育种计划中使用的遗传标记得以开发。(2)通过一系列的实验室和田间试验，确定了植物抗蚜虫的生物学基础。(3)对真菌生物农药的研究是为了确定它们的性能如何受到田间环境条件的影响，以及了解作物植物抗性如何影响它们对蚜虫的功效。(4)补充研究着眼于不同类型的芸苔属植物，抗蚜虫，如何影响寄生蜂的功能，这是田间作物蚜虫的重要自然控制剂。(5)在田间综合防治系统中研究了抗性作物、真菌生物农药和寄生性天敌的相互作用。该项目的目的是开发田间作物蚜虫害虫综合防治系统所需的新知识和工具。这项工作的重点是桃蚜，桃蚜，这是一种广泛作物的害虫，已经对许多常用的杀虫剂产生了抗药性。实验涉及蔬菜芸苔和油菜，但目的是在未来的研究中将该系统扩展到其他作物（甜菜，马铃薯）。该研究基于一种假设，即具有部分抗性的芸苔属植物减缓了蚜虫的发育，使害虫更容易受到生物控制剂的影响，并加快了生物农药和寄生蜂的控制。该项目将使农民和种植者以及供应链中的其他人受益。公众将受益于粮食安全的改善和环境的更好保护。

项目成果

Effects of cis-Jasmone Treatment of Brassicas on Interactions With Myzus persicae Aphids and Their Parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae.

• DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.711896
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Frontiers in plant science
• 影响因子: 5.6
• 作者: Ali J;Covaci AD;Roberts JM;Sobhy IS;Kirk WDJ;Bruce TJA
• 通讯作者: Bruce TJA