THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONSCIENCE, GUILT, AND MORALITY

良心、罪恶感和道德的发展

• 批准号: 3314161
• 负责人: RICHARD SHWEDER
• 金额: $ 9.34万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1982
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1982-09-30 至 1988-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/3314161
• 关键词: American; East Indian; India; United States; adolescence (12-20); adult human (21+); child psychology; culture; ego /superego /id; field study; guilt; interview; judgment; middle childhood (6-11); morals; preschool child (1-5); social perception; socializations; sociolinguistics

There are three major theories about the nature and ontogenetic origins of moral codes; moral universalism, moral developmentalism and moral relativism. The three theories differ dramatically in what they have to say about a) the presence or absence of conscience, guilt and the superego at different ages and in different cultures; b) the rational vs. arbitrary foundations of judgments about what's a vice and what's a virtue; and c) the extent to which moral codes are either products of socialization or examples of self-constructed knowledge. The goal of the proposed research is to determine what's universal, what's relative and what develops in moral codes. This will be done a) by documenting the presence or absence of the moral sentiment at different ages in India and the United States; b) by examining the rational and non-rational ideas underlying the moral codes of children and adults in those two cultures; and c) by assessing the role of socialization processes in the ontogeny of moral understandings. Focusing on household sets, the proposal describes a cross-cultural developmental design for identifying points of agreement and disagreement in the moral codes of children (ages 4-6, 8-10, 12-14) and adults in India and the United States. India and the United States have been selected for comparison because their cultural traditions radically contrast in ways directly relevant to the study of superego formation and the origins of self. The proposal describes a series of methods for investigating moral codes including iterative ethnographic interviewing and the sociolinguistic analysis of accusations and excuses in "situations of accountability." The project traces the origins in children of the sentiments and understandings that distinguish normal conscience ridden functioning from the functioning of the clinical psychopath.

有三个主要理论的性质和个体发生的起源， 道德规范;道德普遍主义;道德发展主义;道德规范 相对主义 这三种理论在它们必须 关于a）良心、内疚和超我的存在或缺失 在不同的年龄和不同的文化中; B）理性与武断 判断什么是恶，什么是善的基础; c） 道德规范在多大程度上是社会化的产物， 自我建构知识的例子。 拟议研究的目标 是确定什么是普遍的，什么是相对的， 道德准则 这将通过a）记录存在或不存在 印度和美国不同年龄段的道德情操; B） 通过研究道德准则背后的理性和非理性观念 儿童和成人在这两种文化中的作用;以及c）通过评估 道德理解个体发生中的社会化过程。 该提案以家庭为重点，描述了一种跨文化的 确定一致和不一致点的发展性设计 印度儿童（4-6岁，8-10岁，12-14岁）和成年人的道德准则 和美国 印度和美国被选为 因为他们的文化传统在方式上截然不同 直接关系到超我的形成和起源的研究 self. 该提案描述了一系列调查道德的方法 包括迭代人种学访谈和社会语言学 分析“问责情况”中的指控和借口。“那 项目追溯了儿童的情感和理解的起源， 区分正常的受良心支配的功能和 临床精神病患者