THE CONNECTIONS OF THE CINGULATE GYRUS

以往的研究表明，前扣带回 皮质调节自主神经系统的活动， 后扣带（压后）皮质 海马体在学习中起着重要的作用， 记忆 当一个预期的结果不遵循一个学习的结果时， 反应，这些区域的边缘皮层将减少 未来响应的可能性，并且不匹配也会引起 自主反应，往往会提醒有机体， 新的条件 相反，如果预期条件为 那么内脏反应将倾向于 减少。 自主反应的主要途径是 调制似乎是从后部的直接投射 前扣带皮层 在拟议的研究中，我们将 直接电生理地评估该通路并确定 前扣带皮层和后扣带皮层 调节自主神经系统的活动， 演唱会 心血管和交感神经系统 对中线的电刺激和化学刺激的反应 将在麻醉和清醒的大鼠中表征皮质。 为了阐明这些研究产生的功能数据， 进行解剖和生理研究。 我们的过去 解剖学研究表明， 扣带皮层的投射组织 并阐明了神经元的形态 大脑皮层的功能。 拟议的研究将使用 新开发的切片制备，以定义 扣带皮层神经元具有特定的神经元投射。 一个主要的焦点将是表层神经元， 压后皮质中独特的树突束。 细胞内体外实验将表征皮质 和丘脑的输入， 以及扣带神经元的功能。 解剖学研究将 测试输入选择性地终止于 丘脑神经元有一个共同的皮质投射。 两 解剖学和电生理学实验将描述 神经调质对神经元活动的影响 扣带皮层 这些研究将阐明 以及扣带皮层的功能，研究结果将提供 作为今后研究基础的重要新信息 学习障碍和压力引起的高血压。

Previous studies have demonstrated that the anterior cingulate cortex modulates the activity of the autonomic nervous system, and that the posterior cingulate (retrosplenial) cortex in concert with the hippocampus plays an important role in learning and memory. When an expected result does not follow a learned responses, these regions of the limbic cortex will reduce the probability of future responses, and the mismatch will also elicit autonomic responses that will tend to alert the organism to the new conditions. Conversely, if the expected conditions are consistently present then visceromotor responses will tend to diminish. A major route by which the autonomic responses are modulated appears to be the direct projections from the posterior to anterior cingulate cortex. In the proposed studies we will directly assess this pathway electrophysiologically and determine the capacity of anterior and posterior cingulate cortex to modulate autonomic nervous system activity individually and in concert. Both cardiovascular and sympathetic nervous system responses to electrical and chemical stimulation of the midline cortex will be characterized in anesthetized and conscious rats. To elucidate the functional data generated from these studies, anatomical and physiological studies will be conducted. Our past anatomical studies have demonstrated a high degree of organization in the projections to and from the cingulate cortex and are clarifying the morphology of the neurons that contribute to the function of this cortex. The proposed studies will use a newly developed slice preparation to define the morphology of cingulate cortex neurons that have specific neuronal projections. A major focus will be on the superficial neurons which display a unique form of dendritic bundling in the retrosplenial cortex. Intracellular in vitro experiments will characterize the cortical and thalamic inputs that contribute importantly to the activity and function of the cingulate neurons. Anatomical studies will test the hypothesis that inputs terminate selectively on groups of thalamic neurons that have a common cortical projection. Both anatomical and electrophysiological experiments will delineate the influence of neuromodulators on the activity of the neurons in the cingulate cortex. These studies will elucidate the structure and function of the cingulate cortex, and the results will provide significant new information on which to base future studies on learning disorders and stress induced hypertension.