METHODS FOR ANALYZING REPEATED CATEGORICAL DATA

重复测量研究出现在公共卫生的所有领域， 反应通常是分类的（如生病或健康），而不是连续的 (such血压）。 在重复测量研究中，基本抽样 单位是一组或一组受试者;对每个受试者进行测量 集群内的主题。 例如，在毒理学研究中， 集群是一窝，胎儿或新生儿是其中的受试者 在一项关于空气污染对健康影响的纵向研究中， 集群是一个人，重复测量是在 不同的时间。 重复测量研究提出了一些非常独特的 问题，特别是当反应是绝对的，这是这些 这是本提案所关注的问题。 长期研究 目的探索新的分析重复范畴的方法 以及使新老方法更容易获得， 非统计学家。 所提出的方法解决了与以下方面有关的各种问题： 流行病学、临床试验和重复测量研究 环境科学 由于小样本可以使渐近 已提出的用于分析重复测量的近似 数据，将探索适合小样本的方法。 因为 刀切法已被证明可以提供一致的方差估计， 在纵向研究中，我们建议使用回归参数估计 在更广泛的问题，包括提供估计 估计的相关参数的方差。 用最简单的 在一种没有协变量的重复测量研究中，研究者通常 感兴趣的是测量一组重复的二进制（或 第三个目标是发展 估计一致性的简单方法。 第四个目标是 扩展分析重复二元响应的方法， 重复的多分类反应，特别是重复的顺序反应， 应答 最后一个目标是开发计算样本的方法 （集群和集群内的主题）的大小，以获得给定的 精度水平。

Repeated measures studies arise in all areas of Public Health, and the responses are often categorical (such as sick or well), and not continuous (such as blood pressure). In repeated measures studies, the basic sampling unit is a group or cluster of subjects; a measurement is made on each subject within the cluster. For example, in a toxicological study, the cluster is a litter, and the fetuses or newborns are the subjects within the litter; in a longitudinal study of health effects of air pollution, the cluster is a person, and the repeated measures are the responses at the different times. Repeated measures studies present some quite unique problems, especially when the response is categorical, and it is these problems on which this proposal is focused. The longterm research objectives to develop new methods for analyzing repeated categorical responses as well as to make the old and new methods more accessible to the non-statistician. The proposed methods address a variety of issues that are relevant to repeated measures studies in epidemiology, clinical trials, and environmental science. Since small samples can invalidate the asymptotic approximations that have been proposed for analyzing repeated measures data, methods appropriate for small samples will be explored. Because the jackknife has been shown to provide consistent estimates of the variance of regression parameter estimates in longitudinal studies, we propose to use the jackknife in a wider range of problems, including providing an estimate of the variance of the estimated correlation parameters. In the simplest kind of repeated measures study with no covariates, investigators are often interested in measuring agreement among a set of repeated binary (or polychotomous) measurements on individuals; the third goal is to develop simple methods for estimating measures of agreement. A fourth goal is to extend the methods for analyzing repeated binary responses to analyze also repeated polychotomous responses, and in particular, repeated ordinal responses. A final goal is to develop methods for calculating the sample size (of clusters and subjects within clusters) necessary to obtain a given level of precision.