METHODS FOR ANALYZING REPEATED CATEGORICAL DATA

在公共卫生的所有领域都出现了重复的措施研究， 回答通常是明确的(如生病或身体好)，而不是连续的 (如血压)。在重复测量研究中，基本抽样 单位是一组或一群受试者；对每个受试者进行测量 集群内的目标。例如，在一项毒理学研究中， 簇是一窝，胎儿或新生儿是其中的对象 在一项关于空气污染对健康影响的纵向研究中， 群集是一个人，重复的测量是在 不同的时代。重复测量研究呈现出一些非常独特的 问题，特别是当回应是明确的时，就是这些 这项提案所关注的问题。长期研究 目的发展分析重复范畴词的新方法 响应，并使新旧方法更容易被 非统计学家。 建议的方法解决了与以下各项相关的各种问题 流行病学、临床试验和研究中的重复测量研究 环境科学。因为小样本会使渐近失效 已提出的用于分析重复测量的近似 数据，将探索适合于小样本的方法。因为 事实证明，杰克刀法提供了一致的方差估计 回归参数估计在纵向研究中，我们建议使用 折叠刀在更广泛的范围内存在问题，包括提供估计 估计的相关参数的方差。以最简单的方式 一种无协变量的重复测量研究，研究人员往往 有兴趣测量一组重复的二进制(或 多角体)对个体的测量；第三个目标是开发 估计一致性度量的简单方法。第四个目标是 将分析重复二元响应的方法扩展为也分析 重复的多叉反应，特别是重复的有序反应 回应。最终的目标是开发计算样本的方法。 获得给定数据所需的(簇和簇内对象的)大小 精度级别。

Repeated measures studies arise in all areas of Public Health, and the responses are often categorical (such as sick or well), and not continuous (such as blood pressure). In repeated measures studies, the basic sampling unit is a group or cluster of subjects; a measurement is made on each subject within the cluster. For example, in a toxicological study, the cluster is a litter, and the fetuses or newborns are the subjects within the litter; in a longitudinal study of health effects of air pollution, the cluster is a person, and the repeated measures are the responses at the different times. Repeated measures studies present some quite unique problems, especially when the response is categorical, and it is these problems on which this proposal is focused. The longterm research objectives to develop new methods for analyzing repeated categorical responses as well as to make the old and new methods more accessible to the non-statistician. The proposed methods address a variety of issues that are relevant to repeated measures studies in epidemiology, clinical trials, and environmental science. Since small samples can invalidate the asymptotic approximations that have been proposed for analyzing repeated measures data, methods appropriate for small samples will be explored. Because the jackknife has been shown to provide consistent estimates of the variance of regression parameter estimates in longitudinal studies, we propose to use the jackknife in a wider range of problems, including providing an estimate of the variance of the estimated correlation parameters. In the simplest kind of repeated measures study with no covariates, investigators are often interested in measuring agreement among a set of repeated binary (or polychotomous) measurements on individuals; the third goal is to develop simple methods for estimating measures of agreement. A fourth goal is to extend the methods for analyzing repeated binary responses to analyze also repeated polychotomous responses, and in particular, repeated ordinal responses. A final goal is to develop methods for calculating the sample size (of clusters and subjects within clusters) necessary to obtain a given level of precision.