BRAINSTEM MECHANISMS OF ALERTING

这个项目的目的是为了进一步了解 异相睡眠(PS)的本质，也称为快眼 运动(REM)睡眠。PS是一种奇怪的状态，大脑在这种状态下 活动在许多方面类似于在 清醒时对刺激的定向反应(W) 当然，与外部世界的互动。猫咪准备好了 将使用慢性记录电极来研究其性质 在外侧膝状体记录的波形(PGO波) 最初被认为是PS中纯粹的自发事件，但 我们已经证明了在两种情况下都可以通过声刺激来唤起 慢波睡眠和PS。我们还发现，其中的一种波形 W呈现出与PGO波相似的特征 猫被警告了。在W中，对刺激的反应习惯性地存在，但 初步证据表明，PGO波可能不会。缺乏 脑干水平的习惯化可能是PS的一个特征， 进入W的觉醒被更高水平的某种机制所阻止 神经系统。因为我们可以消除通常的瘫痪 通过脑桥病变来观察PS，从而详细观察 在这种状态下的行为，我们也可能有一个行为衡量标准 PS和W对刺激的反应是浅层次的。 PGO波与声学惊吓反射相似 它们对5-羟色胺能药物操作的反应 探员们。更复杂的药理数据的财富 在惊吓反射研究中获得的结果将被用来比较 PGO波的性质和惊吓在努力确定 每一项如何与紧张情绪的基本警示过程相关联 系统。 创伤性应激障碍，由情绪上的强大引起 经验，为临床提供了一个特别有前途的领域 基础研究在睡眠和警觉中的应用。压力 精神障碍，如所谓的“战争神经症”(创伤后 压力综合症)，通常包括突出的睡眠 像噩梦一样的骚乱和极度轻松的惊吓。这些 疾病通常对行为和药物难以控制。 干预措施。我们的希望是澄清行为和行为 警示作为一种“悖论”的药理学特性 单相睡眠现象将有助于理性 治疗这些昂贵且非常痛苦的疾病。

The objective of this project is to further understanding of the nature of paradoxical sleep (PS), also known as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. PS is a curious state in which the brain's activity resembles in many respects that observed during the orientation reaction to stimuli during wakefulness (W) without, of course, interactions with the external world. Cats prepared with chronic recording electrodes will be used to study the properties of a waveform (PGO wave) recorded in the lateral geniculate body originally thought to be solely a spontaneous event in PS, but which we have shown to be evokable by acoustic stimuli in both slow wave sleep and PS. We have also found that a wave form in W assumes characteristics similar to those of PGO waves when a cat is alerted. In W the response to stimuli habituates, but preliminary evidence indicates that PGO waves may not. Lack of habituation at the brainstem level may be a feature of PS, with arousal into W prevented by some mechanism at a higher level of the nervous system. Because we can eliminate the usual paralysis of PS by means of pontine lesions and thereby observe elaborate behavior in that state, we may also have a behavioral measure of responses to stimuli in PS as well as W. At a superficial level PGO waves bear a resemblance to the acoustic startle reflex in their response to pharmacologic manipulation with serotonergic agents. The wealth of more sophisticated pharmacologic data obtained in studies of the startle reflex will be used to compare properties of PGO waves and startle in an effort to determine how each is related to the basic process of alerting of the nervous system. Traumatic stress disorder, occasioned by emotionally powerful experiences, provide an especially promising area for clinical application of basic research in sleep and alerting. Stress disorder, such as the so-called "war-neurosis" (post-traumatic stress syndrome), commonly includes both prominent sleep disturbances like nightmares and extreme ease of startle. These illnesses are often refractory to behavioral and pharmacological interventions. Our hope is that clarifying the behavioral and pharmacological properties of alerting as a "paradoxical" phenomenon of one phase of sleep will contribute to the rational treatment of these costly and very painful conditions.