Woodbury and Lippmann: A new approach to continuous tone and full colour non-impact printing

Woodbury 和 Lippmann：连续色调和全彩无击打印刷的新方法

• 批准号: EP/R011761/1
• 负责人: Susanne Klein
• 金额: $ 157.79万
• 依托单位: University of the West of England
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Fellowship
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2018 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=EP%2FR011761%2F1
• 关键词: Woodbury; Lippmann; new; approach; continuous

Our society has an unsatisfiable hunger for images. The UK printing industry is the 5th biggest in the world with a turnover of £13.5 billion employing c.122 000 people. The internet is now the main platform for advertising, with 39% of advertising expenditure, print comes second with 32% and is fast growing. A historic development, the CMYK halftone process and the ruled glass screen patented by Frederick Ives, has led to the reproduction of almost all present day images as pixelated CMYK prints. Historic processes, such as those invented by Woodbury and Lippmann produce prints far superior to anything which is commercially available at the present time. Those processes have been largely forgotten as they were not commercially competitive. The applicant, with her expertise in colloidal chemistry, optics and 3D printing, aims to lift those technologies from obscurity to the forefront of modern developments. The new incarnations of old printing technologies will allow production of high quality prints for advertising, packaging, fashion and, at the same time, include impossible to replicate security features. By transferring the principals of historic, high quality, continuous tone printing processes to non-impact printing, the processes will be freed from dimensional restrictions and restrictions of shape and material of the substrate. Woodburytype was the first, and still is the only photomechanical process that can reproduce truly continuous tone. A topographic print of pigmented gelatin layers, the image is generated by the absorption of light in those layers. The applicant aims to generate the layers by an additive process, for example ink jet printing, instead of an imprint from a plate. With especially formulated inks and modified printers which allow multipath printing, the continuous tone print can then be generated on a multitude of substrates and shapes. Combining this new process with Lippmann photography will lead to a full colour, non-pixelated printing process with in-built security features. Lippmann photography does not contain any dyes or pigments, but still reproduce the biggest colour gamut possible on the basis of interference colours like the ones observed on the surface of soap bubbles. Light is selectively reflected by resonance cavities which makes the print change colour under different viewing angles. This characteristic cannot be copied by simple means and can therefore be exploited as a security feature. In classic Lippmann photography, the reflective layers of the cavities consist of very fine metallic silver grains separated by layers of gelatin. The layers are generated by a direct photographic process making Lippmann photography a one-off method. In collaboration with industrial partners, the applicant aims to formulate two inks, one transparent and the other reflective and aims to print a hybrid Lippmann/ Woodburytype by non-impact methods. The hybrid type will have no dimensional restrictions and can be customized. On an ID card or driving license, a Lippmann/Woodburytype could be included as an owner specific security feature. Creating the cavities by direct print will be a challenge, but materials exist which can be printed and organize themselves in periodic structures: chiral liquid crystals for example. Liquid crystals interact with light and are the active layer in most displays today. In chiral liquid crystals the molecules are organized in helical structures. When the spacing of the helix fulfils a specific condition, colour is generated. The final print will consist of a variety of liquid crystal and containment layers which will have additional functionality. An electric or magnetic field can switch the liquid crystal, i.e. the print is rewritable which can be exploited as a security feature. By hosting the fellowship at the Centre for Fine Print research, an ideal combination of printing and material expertise is achieved guaranteeing the success of the project.

我们的社会对图像有着无法满足的渴望。英国印刷业位居世界第五，营业额达 135 亿英镑，雇用员工约 122,000 人。互联网现在是广告的主要平台，占广告支出的 39%，印刷品位居第二，占 32%，并且增长迅速。弗雷德里克·艾夫斯 (Frederick Ives) 获得专利的 CMYK 半色调工艺和直纹玻璃屏幕这一历史性发展，使得几乎所有当今图像都可以复制为像素化 CMYK 印刷品。历史悠久的工艺，例如伍德伯里和李普曼发明的工艺，所生产的印刷品远远优于目前商业上可用的任何印刷品。这些流程基本上已被遗忘，因为它们不具有商业竞争力。申请人凭借在胶体化学、光学和 3D 打印方面的专业知识，旨在将这些技术从默默无闻提升到现代发展的前沿。旧印刷技术的新化身将允许生产用于广告、包装、时尚的高质量印刷品，同时包括无法复制的安全功能。通过将历史悠久的、高质量、连续色调印刷工艺的原理转移到非击打印刷，该工艺将摆脱承印物的尺寸限制以及形状和材料的限制。 Woodburytype 是第一个，并且仍然是唯一可以再现真正连续色调的照相制版工艺。着色明胶层的地形印刷，图像是通过这些层吸收光而产生的。申请人的目的是通过附加工艺（例如喷墨印刷）而不是从板上压印来生成层。使用专门配制的墨水和允许多路径打印的改良打印机，可以在多种基材和形状上生成连续色调打印。将这一新工艺与李普曼摄影相结合将产生具有内置安全功能的全彩、非像素化印刷工艺。李普曼摄影不包含任何染料或颜料，但仍然在干涉色的基础上再现了可能的最大色域，就像在肥皂泡表面观察到的那样。光被共振腔选择性地反射，使印刷品在不同的视角下改变颜色。该特征无法通过简单的方式复制，因此可以被用作安全特征。在经典的李普曼摄影中，空腔的反射层由非常细的金属银颗粒组成，颗粒之间被明胶层隔开。这些图层是通过直接照相过程生成的，使李普曼摄影成为一种一次性方法。申请人与工业合作伙伴合作，旨在配制两种油墨，一种透明，另一种反射，并旨在通过非冲击方法印刷混合李普曼/伍德伯里类型。混合型没有尺寸限制，可以定制。在身份证或驾驶执照上，可以包含李普曼/伍德伯里类型作为所有者特定的安全特征。通过直接打印创建空腔将是一个挑战，但存在可以打印并以周期性结构组织自身的材料：例如手性液晶。液晶与光相互作用，是当今大多数显示器的活性层。在手性液晶中，分子以螺旋结构组织。当螺旋间距满足特定条件时，就会产生颜色。最终的印刷品将由各种液晶和包含层组成，这些层将具有附加功能。电场或磁场可以切换液晶，即打印是可重写的，可以用作安全特征。通过在精美印刷研究中心举办奖学金，实现了印刷和材料专业知识的理想结合，保证了项目的成功。

项目成果

One and many: Wet-Collodion and Woodburytype

一种和多种：湿火棉胶和伍德伯里型

• DOI: 10.2352/issn.2169-4451.2021.37.37
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: NIP & Digital Fabrication Conference
• 作者: Klein S

Maxwell's disappointment and Sutton's accident

麦克斯韦的失望和萨顿的事故

• DOI: 10.1088/1751-8121/aca8db
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Mathematical and Theoretical
• 作者: Klein S

Historical 2.5D photomechanical printing

历史上的 2.5D 照相冲印

• 发表时间: 2019
• 作者: Klein S

The reconstruction of the appearance of the Acancéh frieze by 2.5D printing

通过 2.5D 打印重建 Acanceh 饰带的外观

• 发表时间: 2020
• 作者: Klein S

The Tartan Ribbon or Further Experiments of Maxwell's Disappointment/Sutton's Accident

格子呢丝带或麦克斯韦失望/萨顿事故的进一步实验

• DOI: 10.3390/heritage6020054
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Heritage
• 影响因子: 1.7
• 作者: Klein S