Rubber DUQ: Flexible Dynamic Universal Quantum programming

量子计算有望解决某些问题，如果没有量子计算，这些问题根本遥不可及。但要利用量子能力，就需要从根本上改变计算方法。量子计算的工作原理与经典计算完全不同。到目前为止，最流行的量子计算模型使用量子电路。在这种低级和僵化的模型中进行编程需要专业知识。大多数目前的量子编程语言都描述了如何构建电路，而不是电路实际应该做什么。泛属性可以在没有多余的数学细节的情况下提取概念的本质。基于它们的量子编程语言可以被理解量子计算背后的概念但不一定是数学的程序员使用。这样的语言解放了程序员，使其能够在更高的抽象级别上表达算法。通用量子编程在预防和修复编程错误方面也更好。通用量子编程有三个主要优势。首先，程序员可以用更小的组件来构建程序，这些组件可以单独构造和测试。这对于可伸缩性是必不可少的：只有当程序员能够控制这种复杂性时，才有可能增加程序的大小和复杂性。第二，仅从实现细节中抽象出来的数学语义。程序员只有在语言允许足够高层次的计算视角的情况下，才能发明真正的新量子算法。第三，程序员可以在自然的抽象级别上自由地表达他们的思想。该项目对通用量子编程有两个主要贡献。首先，作为短期测试用例，我们主要关注动态量子测量。量子电路中的每一步都是可逆的，只有在最后才能通过不可逆的测量提取经典数据。在量子电路的中途进行动态测量有许多优点，但这打破了许多量子程序的验证工具。现有语言可以以较低的抽象级别表示动态度量，但理想情况下，程序员不需要指定度量发生的时间，可以将这一负担留给编译器。通过通用属性支持动态测量，让程序员可以编写更大更好的量子程序。其次，面对容易出错的量子硬件，该项目将考虑健壮性。动态量子程序需要处理噪声测量。与之相关的是，理论上量子计算可以比经典计算更节能，但目前还缺乏对量子计算原理上的能量使用的深入分析。这个项目将量化动态测量对量子程序健壮性的影响，让程序员在健壮性和能量使用与量子测量之间进行权衡。这个项目提供了动态和通用的量子编程，它更灵活，更可扩展，更可验证。

Quantum computation promises to solve certain problems that are fundamentally out of reach without it. But taking advantage of quantum capability requires a radical change in approach to computation. Quantum computation operates on fundamentally different principles than classical computation. By far the most prevalent model of quantum computation uses quantum circuits. Programming in this low-level and rigid model needs specialist knowledge. Most current quantum programming languages they describe how to construct a circuit, rather than what the circuit should actually do. Universal properties can extract conceptual essence without superfluous mathematical details. A quantum programming language based on them can be used by programmers who understand the concepts but not necessarily the mathematics behind quantum computation. Such a language frees the programmer to express algorithms at a higher level of abstraction. Universal quantum programming is also better at preventing and fixing programming errors.Universal quantum programming has three main advantages. First, programmers can build programs out of smaller components, which can be individually constructed and tested. This is essential for scalability: increasing the size and complexity of programs is only possible if programmers can control this complexity. Second, there are mathematical semantics that abstract from merely implementational details. Programmers can only invent truly new quantum algorithms if the language allows a sufficiently high-level view of computation. Third, the programmer can express their thoughts freely at a natural level of abstraction. This project has two main contributions towards universal quantum programming. First, as a short-term test case, we focus on dynamic quantum measurement. Every step in a quantum circuit is reversible, and only at the end is classical data extracted by an irreversible measurement. There are many advantages to performing measurements dynamically, partway along the quantum circuit, but this breaks many verification tools for quantum programs. Existing languages can express dynamic measurement at a low level of abstraction, but ideally the programmer need not specify when measurements happen and can leave this burden to the compiler. Supporting dynamic measurement through universal properties lets the programmer write bigger and better quantum programs.Second, the project will consider robustness in the face of error-prone quantum hardware. Dynamic quantum programs need to deal with noisy measurements. Relatedly, quantum computation can in theory be more energy-efficient than classical computation, but there is currently a lack of in-depth analysis of the in-principle energy use of quantum computation. This project will quantify the effect of dynamic measurement on the robustness of quantum programs, letting the programmer trade off robustness and energy use against quantum measurements.This project provides Dynamic and Universal Quantum programming, which is more flexible, more scalable, and more verifiable.