Rubber DUQ: Flexible Dynamic Universal Quantum programming

量子计算有望解决某些没有量子计算根本无法解决的问题。但是利用量子能力需要在计算方法上进行根本性的改变。量子计算的操作原理与经典计算完全不同。到目前为止，最流行的量子计算模型使用量子电路。在这种低级和严格的模型中编程需要专业知识。目前大多数量子编程语言描述的是如何构建电路，而不是电路实际应该做什么。普遍性质可以提取概念本质，而不需要多余的数学细节。基于它们的量子编程语言可以被理解量子计算背后的概念但不一定懂数学的程序员使用。这种语言使程序员能够在更高的抽象层次上表达算法。通用量子编程在防止和修复编程错误方面也做得更好。通用量子编程有三个主要优势。首先，程序员可以用较小的组件构建程序，这些组件可以单独构建和测试。这对于可伸缩性是必不可少的：只有当程序员能够控制这种复杂性时，才有可能增加程序的大小和复杂性。其次，存在从实现细节中抽象出来的数学语义。程序员只有在语言允许足够高级的计算视图的情况下才能发明真正新的量子算法。第三，程序员可以在自然的抽象层次上自由地表达他们的想法。这个项目对通用量子编程有两个主要贡献。首先，作为一个短期的测试用例，我们关注动态量子测量。量子电路的每一步都是可逆的，只有在最后才会通过不可逆测量提取经典数据。在量子电路中进行动态测量有很多优点，但这破坏了量子程序的许多验证工具。现有的语言可以在较低的抽象层次上表达动态度量，但理想情况下，程序员不需要指定度量发生的时间，并且可以将此负担留给编译器。通过通用属性支持动态测量，使程序员可以编写更大更好的量子程序。其次，该项目将考虑面对容易出错的量子硬件的鲁棒性。动态量子程序需要处理噪声测量。相对而言，量子计算理论上可以比经典计算更节能，但目前缺乏对量子计算原理能源使用的深入分析。这个项目将量化动态测量对量子程序鲁棒性的影响，让程序员在鲁棒性和能量使用与量子测量之间进行权衡。该项目提供动态和通用量子编程，更灵活，更可扩展，更可验证。

Quantum computation promises to solve certain problems that are fundamentally out of reach without it. But taking advantage of quantum capability requires a radical change in approach to computation. Quantum computation operates on fundamentally different principles than classical computation. By far the most prevalent model of quantum computation uses quantum circuits. Programming in this low-level and rigid model needs specialist knowledge. Most current quantum programming languages they describe how to construct a circuit, rather than what the circuit should actually do. Universal properties can extract conceptual essence without superfluous mathematical details. A quantum programming language based on them can be used by programmers who understand the concepts but not necessarily the mathematics behind quantum computation. Such a language frees the programmer to express algorithms at a higher level of abstraction. Universal quantum programming is also better at preventing and fixing programming errors.Universal quantum programming has three main advantages. First, programmers can build programs out of smaller components, which can be individually constructed and tested. This is essential for scalability: increasing the size and complexity of programs is only possible if programmers can control this complexity. Second, there are mathematical semantics that abstract from merely implementational details. Programmers can only invent truly new quantum algorithms if the language allows a sufficiently high-level view of computation. Third, the programmer can express their thoughts freely at a natural level of abstraction. This project has two main contributions towards universal quantum programming. First, as a short-term test case, we focus on dynamic quantum measurement. Every step in a quantum circuit is reversible, and only at the end is classical data extracted by an irreversible measurement. There are many advantages to performing measurements dynamically, partway along the quantum circuit, but this breaks many verification tools for quantum programs. Existing languages can express dynamic measurement at a low level of abstraction, but ideally the programmer need not specify when measurements happen and can leave this burden to the compiler. Supporting dynamic measurement through universal properties lets the programmer write bigger and better quantum programs.Second, the project will consider robustness in the face of error-prone quantum hardware. Dynamic quantum programs need to deal with noisy measurements. Relatedly, quantum computation can in theory be more energy-efficient than classical computation, but there is currently a lack of in-depth analysis of the in-principle energy use of quantum computation. This project will quantify the effect of dynamic measurement on the robustness of quantum programs, letting the programmer trade off robustness and energy use against quantum measurements.This project provides Dynamic and Universal Quantum programming, which is more flexible, more scalable, and more verifiable.