EPSRC-FAPESP Efficient ground energy systems for deployment in diaphragm walls under challenging application scenarios

该项目是根据EPSRC与巴西FAPESP的牵头机构协议计划开发的，允许国际合作。因此，该项目将由英国和巴西的一个综合团队交付；在岩土工程，热分析和建筑服务工程领域工作，将岩土工程和机械工程师团队聚集在一起。该项目解决了建筑物的供暖和制冷问题，这是实现NetZero目标的关键优先事项。全球近一半的能源使用与供暖有关（占英国排放量的四分之一）。在英国，制冷是一个较小的，但不断增长的排放源，但自1990年以来，全球制冷能源消耗增加了两倍多，并将随着气候变化继续增加。在巴西，公共和私人建筑的制冷占全国电力需求的一半（预计到2035年将增长40%）。迫切需要开发能够满足这些冷却和加热需求的热能解决方案。在英国，热泵的部署进展没有达到要求的速度，而在巴西，缺乏显示当地可行性的示范项目。热泵适用于加热和冷却，地源热泵（GSHPs）提供高效率。然而，降低资本成本需要创新。在子结构中包含传热管道，即所谓的能源土工结构，是降低地源热泵系统成本的一种方法。该项目旨在解决开发用于热能的嵌入式挡土墙的问题。嵌入式挡土墙，例如用来支撑地下停车场的挡土墙，本身就是昂贵的结构，使用寿命很长。目前它们的用途仅限于保留地面，但它们可以通过将它们纳入地源热泵系统而具有双重用途。这似乎是一件显而易见的事情，但它在设计和构造中增加了额外的复杂性。优化的好处和潜力，特别是在困难的地面条件下，尚未得到证实。因此，需要进行研究以说服工业界和开发人员采用这些系统。该项目将为他们提供适当的设计工具和知识，将高效和优化的挡土墙纳入地源热泵系统。我们将在巴西圣保罗大学（USP）建立一个受控的现场研究基地，其中将包括一个具有不同管道几何形状的仪器挡土墙系统，以允许研究各种各样的墙操作模式。这将创建一个针对南美当地气候和地面条件的重要数据集。系统的初始设计将由数值模拟（利兹大学）辅助，这也将作为判断后续仿真和分析模型开发的基准。USP测试场地和墙壁布置的比例物理模型将在邓迪大学制作，并在岩土离心机上进行测试。这些物理模型将根据收集的现场数据进行验证。离心机测试将用于改变不容易在现场控制的不同参数，并测试更深的墙壁和类似于英国棕地开发的地面条件。然后，利兹大学将使用来自现场和物理模型研究的数据和见解来开发用于设计这些结构的热分析工具。这将为能源墙提供快速运行的瞬态解决方案，可以在各种地面条件下工作，并与现有的建筑能源建模软件集成。这些工具的开发将可用于更有效的嵌入式挡土墙地源热泵系统的实际设计，并消除采用的障碍。

This project has been developed under the EPSRC lead agency agreement scheme with FAPESP, Brazil, that allows joint international working. The project is therefore to be delivered by an integrated team in the UK and Brazil ; working across the fields of geotechnical engineering, thermal analysis and building services engineering bringing together a team of Geotechnical and Mechanical Engineers.The project tackles heating and cooling of buildings, which is a key priority for meeting NetZero targets. Almost half of global energy use is related to heating (one quarter of UK emissions). Cooling is a minor, but growing emissions source in the UK, but globally energy consumption for cooling has more than tripled since 1990, and will continue to increase with climate change. In Brazil, cooling public and private buildings is responsible for half of national electricity demand (predicted 40% increase by 2035). Thermal energy solutions that can deliver against these cooling and heating demands urgently need to be developed. In the UK, heat pump deployment is not progressing as fast as is required, while in Brazil, there is an absence of demonstrator projects showing local feasibility. Heat pumps are suited to both heating and cooling, with ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) offering high efficiencies. However, innovation is required to reduce capital costs.Inclusion of heat transfer pipes within sub-structures, so called energy geostructures, is one way to reduce costs of GSHP systems. This project aims to tackle the problem of developing embedded retaining walls for application in thermal energy. Embedded retaining walls, e.g. constructed to support underground car-parks, are themselves costly structures that can have very long lifetimes. Currently their use is restricted to retaining the ground, but they could be built to have dual purpose by incorporating them in a GSHP system. This would seem like an obvious thing to do but it adds additional complexity in design and construction. The benefits and potential for optimisation, especially in difficult ground conditions, are unproven. Thus, research is required to convince industry and developers to adopt these systems. This project will equip them with the appropriate design tools and knowledge to incorporate highly efficient and optimised energy retaining walls into GSHP systems.We will construct a controlled field study site at the University of Sau Paulo (USP) in Brazil that will include an instrumented retaining wall system with different pipework geometries to allow a wide variety of wall operation modes to be studied. This will create an important data set specific to the local South American climate and ground conditions. Initial design of the system will be aided by numerical simulation (University of Leeds) which will also serve as a benchmark to judge subsequent simulation and analytical model development. Scaled physical models of the USP test site and wall arrangements will be fabricated at the University of Dundee and tested on a geotechnical centrifuge. These physical models will be validated against the field data collected. Centrifuge testing will be used to vary different parameters that cannot be easily controlled on site and test deeper walls and ground conditions similar to brownfield land development in the UK. The University of Leeds will then use the data and insights from the field and physical model studies to develop thermal analytical tools for design of these structures. This will result in fast run transient solutions for energy walls that can work in a variety of ground conditions and be integrated with existing building energy modelling software. Development of these tools will then be available for practical design of more efficient embedded retaining wall GSHP systems and remove barriers to adoption.