A Full House: Developing A New Socio-legal Theory of Global Gambling Regulation.

对赌博法改革的研究为关注风险和投机监管的政策制定者和学者提供了见解。以往对博彩法和政治经济学的研究大多以赌场和彩票为重点研究场所。这个项目寻求通过使用一个不同的镜头：宾果游戏，为关于赌博和监管投机的实证和理论辩论做出实质性贡献。尽管宾果游戏是一个明显缺乏研究的网站，但它是一种具有全球意义、利润极高的赌博形式，在许多国家都有使用，而且在网上越来越受欢迎。作为工薪阶层女性赌博的主要场所，Bingo揭示了按性别划分和以阶级为基础的赌博文化的韧性：在英国，商业宾果大厅的数量是赌场的五倍，而且它们雇佣的员工比赌场多。宾果游戏还以不同的方式与法律和政治经济学联系在一起。例如，它是慈善筹款的关键网站，即使在商业上播放，它也更多地与社区和社会福利联系在一起，而不是高风险的盈利。PI进行的两项试点研究表明，在风险和福利的交汇处，这种法律和社会地位对监管机构构成了重大挑战，并提出了一些重要问题，即投机治理与对社会凝聚力和非营利活动的担忧如何相关。拟议的研究将解决这些监管挑战，并为这些关键问题提供答案。使用宾果监管的四个案例研究(英格兰和威尔士；加拿大；巴西；以及向欧盟国家居民提供的在线游戏)，这项研究将实现两个目标：1.系统地介绍宾果如何受到监管，确定涉及的关键法律和政策挑战，并向政策制定者、博彩业、第三部门利益相关者和学者提出建议；2.预先了解全球博彩自由化辩论中的一个关键网站，该网站使我们能够探索风险和投机的治理是如何性别划分的，并与对慈善和福利的关注有关。选定的案例在监管方法上有很大的不同，包括将宾果游戏定为刑事犯罪(巴西)，通过慈善法进行监管(加拿大)，以及将其作为商业活动和慈善筹款进行监管(英国)。此外，在线赌博在欧盟是一个正在进行的法律辩论的场所，导致了多个司法管辖区的法律改革。这将是第一个跟踪和分析在网络和传统空间对宾果游戏监管的不同方法的项目，并利用这些知识就如何在当代市场经济中最好地监管投机和福利提出建议。研究将涉及理论和社会法律方法的混合，包括1)审查现行立法、许可证指南和制定该部门监管的判例法，以及2)与关键利益攸关方的访谈。除了在巴西(在那里玩游戏是非法的)，研究人员还将观察宾果游戏，以体验规则和法规是如何解释和执行的。分析将从收集的数据中开发代码、概念和主题，包括使用文本分析软件。拟议的研究为三个英国用户群体提供了好处：政策制定者、宾果游戏行业和第三部门。几个关键的利益攸关方已同意参与，其中一些人参与了两项试点研究。用户组传播活动包括一个项目网站、一个用户组讲习班、一份载有政策建议的最后报告，以及针对每个司法管辖区非学术受益者的访谈中提出的主要主题摘要。该项目还将出版六份学术出版物，包括一本独家撰写的专著和四篇在著名期刊上发表的文章。

Studies of gambling law reform provide insights for policymakers and academics concerned with the regulation of risk and speculation. Previous studies of gambling law and political economy have largely taken casinos and lotteries as the key research sites. This project seeks to make a substantial contribution to empirical and theoretical debates about gambling and the regulation of speculation by using a different lens: bingo. Although bingo is a markedly under-researched site, it is a globally significant and extremely profitable gambling form, played in many countries and increasingly popular online. As a key site for working class women's gambling, bingo reveals the resilience of gendered and class-based gambling cultures: in the UK commercial bingo halls outnumber casinos by a factor of five, and they employ more people than casinos do. Bingo is also enmeshed with law and political economy in distinctive ways. For example it is a key site for charity fundraising, and even when played commercially it is associated with community and social welfare more often than risky profit-making. Two pilot studies conducted by the PI have revealed that this legal and social position, at the intersection of risk and welfare, poses significant challenges for regulators, and raises important questions about how the governance of speculation is related to concerns about social cohesion and non-profit activity. The proposed research will address those regulatory challenges, and provide answers to those key questions. Using four case studies of bingo regulation (England and Wales; Canada; Brazil; and online play offered to residents of EU countries), the research will achieve two objectives:1. provide a systematic account of how bingo is regulated, to ascertain the key legal and policy challenges involved, and to make recommendations to policymakers, the gambling industry, third sector stakeholders, and academics;2. advance knowledge of a key site in global gambling liberalization debates, one which allows us to explore how the governance of risk and speculation are gendered, and related to concerns about charity and welfare. The selected cases offer considerable variation in regulatory approach, including criminalization of bingo (Brazil), regulation through charity law (Canada), and regulation as both commercial activity and charity fundraising (UK). Moreover on-line gambling is a site of on-going legal contestation in the EU, leading to legal reforms in multiple jurisdictions. This will be the first project to track and analyse different approaches to bingo regulation, in cyber- and traditional space, and to use this knowledge to generate recommendations about how speculation and welfare are best regulated in contemporary market economies.Research will involve mixed doctrinal and socio-legal methodologies including 1) review of the current legislation, licensing guidance, and case law shaping regulation of the sector, and 2) interviews with key stakeholders. Except in Brazil (where play is illegal), researchers will also observe bingo games to experience how rules and regulations are interpreted and enforced. Analysis will develop codes, concepts, and themes from the collected data, including via the use of textual analysis software.The proposed research offers benefits to three UK user groups: policymakers, the bingo industry, and the third sector. Several key stakeholders have agreed to participate, and some were involved in the two pilot studies. User-group dissemination activities include a project website, a user-group workshop, a final report containing policy recommendations, and summaries of key themes raised in interviews aimed at non-academic beneficiaries in each jurisdiction. The project will also result in six academic publications, including a sole authored monograph and four articles in preeminent journals.