Characterising Informal Risk Sharing in Family Networks

家庭网络中非正式风险分担的特征

基本信息

  • 批准号:
    ES/K00123X/1
  • 负责人:
  • 金额:
    $ 22.44万
  • 依托单位:
  • 依托单位国家:
    英国
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
  • 财政年份:
    2012
  • 资助国家:
    英国
  • 起止时间:
    2012 至 无数据
  • 项目状态:
    已结题

项目摘要

Risk is extremely prevalent in rural areas of developing countries, but markets for credit and insurance are undeveloped and governments rarely provide the type of social insurance common in developed economies, with the consequence that risk has considerable repercussions for household wellbeing both in the short and long run. Households in these contexts resort to informal tools, such as transfers and loans between relatives and friends, to share idiosyncratic risk. Such informal risk sharing likely occurs within social networks (friends and family), since interpersonal relationships between network members can alleviate frictions such as asymmetric information, as individuals who know each other well and interact frequently can share information and effectively enforce informal arrangements. Family networks, in particular, fulfil these features and form a "natural" risk sharing institution. This research aims to deepen our understanding of risk sharing in family networks theoretically and empirically, focusing explicitly on the role of network structure (representation of who is related to who). This is likely important because many informal tools employed for risk sharing rely on bilateral relationships. Therefore, who one is linked with and who their links are further linked with is will shape both how risk is shared and the amount shared. Very few empirical studies in economics have considered the role of network structure in shaping economic outcomes, though this has been shown to be important in fields such as sociology. A reason for this is a lack of suitable datasets containing both information on network links and extensive socio-economic information. A key innovation of this study is to circumvent this problem using a rich dataset from Mexico with both of these. Family network links can be identified using the Mexican naming convention, whereby each individual has 2 surnames - one from each parent. This dataset has detailed socio-economic information (at multiple points over 10 years) on all households living in over 500 villages, allowing me to identify the entire village based extended family network and construct valid tests for risk sharing.The proposed research will:1. Provide empirical evidence on the importance of network structure for risk sharing. Recent theoretical work confirms this and predicts that network structure matters for whether or not risk sharing occurs and the amount that can be achieved. Yet, there is almost no empirical evidence on this, due to data constraints mentioned above. This research will construct and implement empirical tests for these models, exploiting the rich information in the data to account for concerns that results may be driven by the fact that family networks (and network structure) may have formed specifically for risk sharing purposes. 2. Investigate empirically predictions from theory that networks of higher value provide better insurance. An original contribution will be to approximate the value of a link (and network) using information on consumption and wealth.3. Investigate whether altruism, or mutual caring, in family networks allows for more risk sharing under limited commitment, by allowing for a wider set of risk sharing arrangements. I will investigate whether this is the case theoretically and empirically.Understanding the drivers of informal risk sharing is important for policy: government policies aimed at improving insurance could do the converse by crowding out informal risk sharing. This research will inform the design of government policies and insurance products aimed at improving insurance for the poor, a subject of on-going interest and debate in Latin America and other low and middle-income countries, and among insurance companies.
风险在发展中国家的农村地区极为普遍,但信贷和保险市场不发达,政府很少提供发达经济体常见的那种社会保险,其结果是,风险对家庭的短期和长期福祉都有相当大的影响。在这种情况下,家庭诉诸非正式工具,如亲戚和朋友之间的转账和贷款,以分担特殊风险。这种非正式的风险分担可能发生在社交网络(朋友和家人)中,因为网络成员之间的人际关系可以缓解诸如信息不对称等摩擦,因为相互了解并经常互动的个人可以分享信息并有效地执行非正式安排。家庭网络尤其具备这些特征,形成了一种“天然的”风险分担机制。本研究旨在从理论和实证两个方面加深对家庭网络风险分担的理解,并明确关注网络结构(谁与谁相关的表征)的作用。这可能很重要,因为许多用于风险分担的非正式工具依赖于双边关系。因此,一个人与谁有联系,他们的联系又与谁有联系,这将决定风险如何分担和分担的数额。在经济学中,很少有实证研究考虑到网络结构在塑造经济结果中的作用,尽管这在社会学等领域已经被证明是重要的。其原因之一是缺乏既包含网络链接信息又包含广泛社会经济信息的适当数据集。这项研究的一个关键创新是使用来自墨西哥的丰富数据集来规避这个问题。家庭网络链接可以使用墨西哥命名惯例来识别,每个人都有两个姓氏-每个父母一个。该数据集包含了生活在500多个村庄的所有家庭的详细社会经济信息(在10年的多个时间点),使我能够识别整个村庄的大家庭网络,并构建有效的风险分担测试。就网络结构对风险分担的重要性提供经验证据。最近的理论工作证实了这一点,并预测网络结构对风险分担是否发生以及可以实现的金额很重要。然而,由于上述数据限制,几乎没有经验证据。本研究将构建和实施这些模型的实证检验,利用数据中丰富的信息来解释结果可能是由家庭网络(和网络结构)可能专门为风险分担目的而形成的事实所驱动的担忧。2.从理论上对高价值网络提供更好保险的预测进行实证研究。一个原始的贡献将是使用消费和财富信息来近似链接(和网络)的价值。调查是否利他主义,或相互关怀,在家庭网络中允许更多的风险分担有限的承诺,允许更广泛的风险分担安排。了解非正式风险分担的驱动因素对政策制定很重要:旨在改善保险的政府政策可能会通过挤出非正式风险分担来实现匡威的效果。这项研究将为旨在改善穷人保险的政府政策和保险产品的设计提供信息,这是拉丁美洲和其他低收入和中等收入国家以及保险公司不断关注和辩论的一个主题。

项目成果

期刊论文数量(5)
专著数量(0)
科研奖励数量(0)
会议论文数量(0)
专利数量(0)
Group Size and the Efficiency of Informal Risk Sharing
集团规模和非正式风险分担的效率
  • DOI:
    10.1111/ecoj.12565
  • 发表时间:
    2018
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Fitzsimons E
  • 通讯作者:
    Fitzsimons E
Extended Family Networks and Household well-being: evidence from Malawi
大家庭网络和家庭福祉:来自马拉维的证据
  • DOI:
  • 发表时间:
    2015
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Bansi Malde
  • 通讯作者:
    Bansi Malde
Socially Close and Distant Connections in Risk Sharing
风险分担中的社交密切和疏远联系
  • DOI:
  • 发表时间:
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Malde, B
  • 通讯作者:
    Malde, B
Credibly identifying social effects: accounting for network formation and measurement error
可靠地识别社会影响:考虑网络形成和测量误差
  • DOI:
  • 发表时间:
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Advani, A
  • 通讯作者:
    Advani, A
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