Care in Times of Crises: an intersectional approach to socio-economic inequalities in giving and receiving informal care during the COVID-19 and cost-

非正式护理人员-向因残疾或老年等一系列原因需要支助的个人提供无偿帮助的人-在向有需要的人提供保健和社会护理方面发挥着至关重要的作用。COVID-19给社会生活带来了前所未有的变化，包括非正式的护理网络。研究表明，这一流行病与不断变化的护理经验有关，后者暴露了护理人员之间的不平等和受护理者的脆弱性。新出现的生活费用危机可能会加剧这些情况，因为福利供应被切断，正规护理服务变得更难以负担，对非正规护理的需求大幅增加。对于77%的非正式护理人员来说，生活成本上升是他们预计在未来一年面临的主要挑战之一。虽然有些照顾者可以联合收割机将照顾与有报酬的工作结合起来，而且被照顾者可以负担额外的照顾费用，但其他人不能。这些预先存在的不平等意味着个人不会经历非正式的护理交流及其对经济福祉的影响，这意味着不平等可能扩大或新发展。该项目将促进对英国健康和社会经济危机时期非正式护理交流的理解。它对知识的贡献是三方面的。首先，它采取了双重视角，侧重于照顾者和接受者。其次，它采用纵向方法来了解当前的护理和接受模式，承认先前轨迹在护理性质、强度和频率方面的差异，以及这些可能受到不断变化的社会经济情况的不同影响。第三，它通过采用一种新的交叉性透镜，从多个层面审视照顾者不平等和接受照顾者的脆弱性，以及它们如何联合收割机结合起来产生累积的（不利）优势，加强了对护理交流中不平等现象的理解。为了做到这一点，该项目将整合非正式护理模式（Broese货车Groenou和Boer，2016年）与Crenshaw的交叉性范式，为护理人员和接受者提供新的见解，了解非正式护理中的不平等及其交叉点。照顾者和接收者是一个异质群体，其护理经验因人口统计学、社会经济学和地理特征而异。此外，照顾者和接受者同时属于多个社会群体：他们是不同年龄、婚姻状况、种族、文化和社会经济背景的妇女或男子。这种多样性（例如，低学历的亚裔女性）创造了独特的社会地位，或交叉性，塑造了护理经验，并进一步加剧了不平等。通过将这种交叉的角度到非正式的护理模式，这项研究将导致护理经验，以及如何在危机期间改变一个新的理解。以前的研究非正式的护理交流要么完全忽略了研究交叉点，集中在有限的维度的多样性，或使用定性研究方法。本研究将解决这一差距，研究多样性的照顾者和接收器之间的交叉点，使用新的定量方法定量数据从英国家庭纵向研究“理解社会”。人文地理/可持续发展

Informal carers - those who provide unpaid help to individuals who need support for a range of reasons, such as disability or old age - play a vital role in delivering health and social care to those in need. COVID-19 brought unprecedented changes to social life, including to informal care networks. Studies have linked the pandemic to changing care experiences which exposed inequalities between caregivers and the vulnerabilities of care-recipients. The emerging cost-of-living crisis is likely to exacerbate these, as welfare provisions become severed, and formal care services become less affordable, the demand for informal care increases considerably. For 77% of informal carers the rising cost-of-living is one of the main challenges they expect to face in the coming year. Whilst some caregivers can combine caring with paid work, and care-receivers can afford the additional cost of care, others cannot. These pre-existing inequalities mean that individuals do not experience informal care exchanges and their economic wellbeing repercussions to the same extent, meaning inequalities can widen or newly develop. This project will advance understanding of informal care exchanges during times of health and socio-economic crises in the UK. Its contribution to knowledge is three-fold. Firstly, it takes a dual perspective, by focusing on caregivers and receivers. Secondly, it adopts a longitudinal approach to understand current patterns of caregiving and receiving, by acknowledging differences in prior trajectories with respect to the nature, intensity, and frequency of care, and the way these might be affected differently by the changing socio-economic scenario. Thirdly, it enhances understanding of inequalities in care exchanges through adopting a novel intersectionality lens, looking at multiple dimensions of inequalities of caregivers and vulnerabilities of care-receivers, and how they combine to produce cumulative (dis)advantages. In order to do so this project will integrate the Informal Care Model (Broese van Groenou and Boer, 2016) with Crenshaw's intersectionality paradigm providing new insights into dimensions of inequalities and their intersections in informal care, for both caregivers and receivers. Caregivers and receivers are a heterogeneous group with care experiences varying depending on demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic characteristics. Moreover, caregivers and receivers simultaneously belong to multiple social groups: they are women or men of different ages, marital statuses, and ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic backgrounds. This diversity (e.g., low educated Asian female) creates unique social positions, or intersectionalities, that shape care experiences and further contribute to inequalities. By incorporating this intersectional perspective into the Informal Care Model, this research will lead to a novel understanding of care experiences and how these change during crises. Previous research into informal care exchanges has either neglected studying intersections entirely, focused on limited dimensions of diversity, or used qualitative research methods. This research will address this gap, studying intersections between multiple measures of diversity for both caregivers and receivers, using novel quantitative methods quantitative data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study 'Understanding Society'. MRes in Human Geography/Sustainable Development