Gay Father Families

这项研究将探索英国、法国和荷兰同性恋父亲抚养的婴儿的早期社会经历和发展。当婴儿四个月大时，将观察婴儿与父母的互动，并同时采访父母。当婴儿12个月大时，他们对父母的依恋质量将使用安斯沃思的奇异情况程序进行评估。这些父亲的父母行为以及婴儿与父母之间形成的关系的质量将与由女同性恋和异性恋夫妇抚养的婴儿进行比较。所有婴儿都将使用生殖技术怀孕，包括捐赠者受精和代孕，以确保可比性。此外，这项研究还将探索在婴儿四个月大时，父母的行为和社会环境指数的个体差异在多大程度上可以预测一岁婴儿与父母之间的依恋质量。这项研究将首次对孩子从出生起就在父亲家庭中抚养的家庭进行调查。这将使我们能够确定婴儿是否像许多人仍然认为的那样，需要女性参与他们的早期护理和情感生活；不仅由两个男性抚养的婴儿，而且由两个同性取向的婴儿抚养长大的婴儿，是否像那些由异性父母或两个具有同性取向的女性从出生起就养育的婴儿一样，有可能正常发育。将在每个国家招募足够大的样本，以便探索法律和文化差异对父母行为和婴儿适应的影响程度。

The study will explore the early social experiences and development of infants raised from birth by gay fathers inthe UK, France, and The Netherlands. Infants and parents will be observed interacting when the infants are fourmonths old, and the parents will be interviewed at the same time. When the infants are 12 months old, thequality of their attachments to their parents will be assessed using Ainsworth's Strange Situation procedure. Theparental behaviour of these fathers and the quality of the relationships formed between the infants and theirparents will be compared with those of infants being raised by lesbian and heterosexual couples. All infants willbe conceived using reproductive technologies, including donor insemination and surrogacy, to ensurecomparability. In addition, the study will explore the extent to which the quality of infant-parent attachment atone-year is predicted by individual differences in the parents' behaviour and indices of their social circumstanceswhen the infants are four months old. The study will be the first to examine families where children are raised ingay father families from birth. It will allow us to determine whether infants 'need' women to be involved in theirearly care and emotional lives, as many still believe; and whether infants raised not only by two men, but twomen with same-sex orientation, are as likely to develop normally as those raised from birth by heterosexualparents or by two women with same-sex orientation. Sufficiently large samples will be recruited in each countryto allow exploration of the extent to which legal and cultural differences affect parental behaviour and infantadjustment.