Transformative Justice in Tunisia and Egypt

2011年，一系列民众运动动摇了阿拉伯世界，这些运动统称为“阿拉伯之春(S)”，挑战了历史悠久的独裁政权。这些起义的中长期影响会是什么？谁在推动(和竞争)变革，正在寻求什么样的变革？这项研究是在突尼斯和埃及有争议的过渡背景下解决这些问题的。它基于以下前提：要使这些起义发挥其潜力，就需要进行变革，强调地方机构和资源，优先考虑进程而不是预先设想的结果，挑战不平等的权力关系和排斥结构。这种变化在这里被称为变革性正义。首要的研究问题是：如何在(突尼斯和埃及)政治转型的背景下定义和实现变革性变化，以及哪些行为者、机构和结构推动和竞争这种变化？这项研究的目的是用以行动者为导向的观点分析那些推动和反对变革的人的议程。关于“变革的驱动力”--代理人、正式和非正式机构、结构--以及四个关键领域(选举、宪法、过渡时期司法、经济政策)的实地研究，将为当地对变革和变革议程的理解提供见解。接受采访的参与者如下：老牌政治卫士、军队和警察、经济和司法精英、伊斯兰团体、青年、妇女、人权组织、贸易和工会以及城乡穷人。一个庞大的访谈数据集(700多次访谈)将得到重点小组和基本量化分析的补充。这项研究将着眼于随着时间的推移态度的变化(进行两组访谈，相隔一年)，并记录一系列的声音和观点(城市/农村、革命的支持者/反对者)。研究将接触到不同的受众，并通过适当的语言(阿拉伯语、法语、英语)和媒体最大化影响，例如项目网站；讲习班和会议；官方、社会和公民媒体；公共活动；政策简报、工具包和学术成果；等等。除了同行评审的文章和书籍等传统学术成果外，研究项目还将提供三个政策简报--“定义和实施变革的正义”；“通过过渡司法确保转型”；以及“扩大过渡司法的范围”--以及一个变革性司法工具包，为政策制定者和实践者概述具体战略和切入点。因此，这项研究将使政策制定者和实践者(捐赠者、政府间机构、政策智库、非政府组织和民间社会团体等)以及学术机构受益。这类研究涉及ESRC的几个战略优先事项，特别是安全、冲突和正义(相互竞争的正义理念、不断变化的冲突模式)，以及社会多样性和人口动态(如何在维护所有人的权利的同时将暴力冲突降至最低)。这项研究将代表白玫瑰(利兹大学、谢菲尔德大学、约克大学)和世界大学网络(WUN)在变革司法方面的研究合作。另一边是开罗的美国大学(AUC)。这项研究在范围和方法上是多学科的，包括过渡时期司法、人权、民主化、发展和政治经济学等领域的专家。咨询委员会成员已经拟定了该提案，并将参与研究进程的所有部分。董事会的当地成员在确保接触被采访者、就安全问题提供咨询以及制定传播和外联战略方面将特别重要。

The Arab world was shaken in 2011 by a series of popular movements, collectively known as the 'Arab spring(s)', that have challenged long established authoritarian regimes. What will be the medium and long term impacts of these uprisings? Who is driving (and contesting) change, and what kind of change is being sought? This study addresses these issues in the context of the contested transitions in Tunisia and Egypt. It is based on the following premise: for these uprisings to deliver on their potential will require transformative change that emphasises local agency and resources, the prioritization of process rather than pre-conceived outcomes, and the challenging of unequal power relationships and structures of exclusion. Such change is here named transformative justice. The overarching research question is: How is transformative change defined and delivered in the context of political transition (in Tunisia and Egypt), and which actors, institutions and structures drive and contest such change? The study's aim is to analyse the agendas of those driving and contesting change using an actor-oriented perspective. Field research about 'drivers of change' - agents, formal and informal institutions, structures - and the four key areas of contestation (elections, constitutions, transitional justice, economic policy), will provide insights to local understandings of transformation and agendas for change. Actors interviewed will be as follows: the old political guard, military and police, economic and judicial elites, Islamic groups, youth, women, human rights organisations, trade and labour unions, and the urban and rural poor. A large interview data set (over 700 interviews) will be complemented by focus groups and basic quantitative analysis. The research will look at changing attitudes over time (conducting two sets of interviews, one year apart) and document a range of voices and perspectives (urban/rural, supporters/opponents of the revolutions).The research will reach diverse audiences and maximise impact by using appropriate languages (Arabic, French, English) and media e.g. a project website; workshops and conferences; official, social and citizen media; public events; policy briefings, a tool kit and academic outputs; etc. In addition to conventional academic outputs such as peer reviewed articles and books, the research project will deliver three policy briefings -'Defining and Operationalising Transformative Justice'; 'Securing Transformation through Transitional Justice'; and 'Expanding the Scope of Transitional Justice' - and a transformative justice toolkit, outlining concrete strategies and entry-points for policy makers and practitioners. As such, the research will benefit policy-makers and practitioners (donors, inter-governmental agencies, policy think tanks, NGOs and civil society groups, etc.), as well as academics.Research of this kind speaks to several ESRC strategic priorities, notably security, conflict and justice ('competing ideas of justice', 'changing patterns of conflicts'), and social diversity and population dynamics ('how diverse communities can minimise violent conflict while sustaining rights for all').The research will represent a partnership between a White Rose (Universities of Leeds, Sheffield, York) and Worldwide Universities Network (WUN) research collaboration on transformative justice on the one hand, and the American University in Cairo (AUC) on the other. The research is multidisciplinary in range and methods and includes specialists in fields such as transitional justice, human rights, democratisation, development and political economy. Members of the Advisory Board have shaped the proposal and will engage with all parts of the research process. Local members of the Board will be particularly important in securing access to interviewees, advising on security, and framing dissemination and outreach strategies.