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Political Economy of Growth and Institutional Reform

增长与制度改革的政治经济学

基本信息

批准号：
ES/L008289/1
负责人：
Sebastian Dellepiane Avellaneda
金额：
$ 13.86万
依托单位：
University of Strathclyde
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2014
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2014 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FL008289%2F1
关键词：
Political Economy Growth Institutional Reform

项目摘要

It is widely accepted that the UK suffers from persistent weaknesses in areas that are crucial for medium to long-run economic prosperity. Amongst the starkest examples are aspects of human capital formation and investment in infrastructure.A long tail of poor achievement at the end of secondary education has been a defining feature of the UK school systems. A fifth of children in England on free school meals do not reach the expected maths level at age 7 and this proportion rises to a third by age 11.This sets the UK apart from several other advanced economies, and creates damaging effects for both growth and inequality.Vocational education and apprenticeships have been the object of continuing political attention and policy reform for decades. Despite these efforts, a longstanding feature of the UK skills system is its relative weakness in intermediate level training in comparison with some of its main competitors.Investment in infrastructure, especially transport and energy, is another area where enduring weaknesses have been identified. High levels of congestion are placing parts of the transport system under strain. Deteriorating energy generating capacity is raising fears that security of supply may not be ensured in the medium term.Since the 1990s, house building and development in certain areas of the UK has become a significant problem, with growth and redistributive implications. Evidence suggests it has led to increases in house prices and reductions in housing quality, increases in housing market volatility, and large transfers of wealth from the young and the poor to the old and the wealthy. In all of these areas, existing studies have concentrated on identifying and measuring the effects of policy inefficiencies, and proposing alternative policy arrangements. In other countries, research has started to shift from studying the relative merits of different policy alternatives, to studying the obstacles to the introduction of different sets of policies. In the UK, however, this type of research is still rare, and fundamental questions regarding the origins of inefficiencies remain unanswered. There has been little detailed analysis of the structures of incentives that lie at the foundations of long-lasting policy distortions in those areas. I.e. a systematic treatment of the political economy roots of these distortions is still largely missing. The same can be said of studies of the drivers of institutional reform, focused on the conditions under which welfare-improving institutional change becomes feasible. This project aims to fill these gaps, building on existing literature and giving policy makers and civil society a wider set of analytical tools with which to frame debates around institutional reform of growth-relevant policy areas. The project aims to achieve this by producing a detailed account of the political economy root-causes of structural weaknesses that hamper growth. This will involve an interdisciplinary research effort, bridging political economy and political science, to embed the analysis firmly in the idiosyncrasies of the UK macro-political system. This exercise will shed light on the institutional changes required to address those weaknesses and promote long-term growth. The final step is to investigate the constellation of forces that drive institutional change in politically-charged environments, such as those that surround skills formation and infrastructure investment.The analysis will draw on available evidence on entrenched policy dysfunctions in skills and infrastructure; political economy models, while seeking to explore their interactions with the Westminster parliamentary model; results from international empirical research looking at the conditions required to initiate reforms, their effective development and implementation; and new research on recent policy innovation in the UK, including changes in the governance of monetary, fiscal and competition policy.

人们普遍认为，英国在对中长期经济繁荣至关重要的领域存在持续的弱点。其中最明显的例子是人力资本形成和基础设施投资方面。中学教育结束时成绩不佳的长尾一直是英国学校体系的一个典型特征。在英国，五分之一接受免费校餐的儿童在7岁时没有达到预期的数学水平，到11岁时，这一比例上升到三分之一。这使英国与其他几个发达经济体不同，并对增长和不平等产生了破坏性影响。几十年来，职业教育和学徒制一直是政治关注和政策改革的目标。尽管做出了这些努力，但英国技能体系的一个长期特点是，与一些主要竞争对手相比，它在中级培训方面相对薄弱。基础设施投资，特别是交通和能源，是另一个被发现存在长期弱点的领域。严重的交通堵塞使部分交通系统承受了压力。不断恶化的能源发电能力正在引起人们的担忧，即中期内可能无法确保供应安全。自20世纪90年代以来，英国某些地区的住房建设和开发已成为一个重大问题，对增长和再分配产生了影响。有证据表明，它导致房价上涨和住房质量下降，住房市场波动加剧，财富从年轻人和穷人向老年人和富人大量转移。在所有这些领域，现有的研究都集中在确定和衡量政策效率低下的影响，并提出替代政策安排。在其他国家，研究工作已开始从研究不同政策备选办法的相对优点转向研究实行不同政策的障碍。然而，在英国，这种类型的研究仍然很少，关于效率低下的根源的基本问题仍然没有答案。对作为这些领域长期政策扭曲基础的激励机制结构几乎没有进行过详细分析。也就是说，对这些扭曲的政治经济根源的系统处理在很大程度上仍然缺失。对体制改革驱动力的研究也是如此，这些研究侧重于改善福利的体制变革变得可行的条件。该项目旨在填补这些空白，在现有文献的基础上，为决策者和民间社会提供一套更广泛的分析工具，以便围绕与增长有关的政策领域的体制改革进行辩论。该项目旨在通过详细说明阻碍增长的结构性弱点的政治经济根源来实现这一目标。这将涉及跨学科的研究工作，弥合政治经济学和政治科学，以嵌入分析牢固地在英国宏观政治体系的特质。这项工作将有助于了解为克服这些弱点和促进长期增长所需的体制改革。最后一步是调查在充满政治色彩的环境中推动制度变革的各种力量，例如围绕技能形成和基础设施投资的力量。分析将利用现有证据，说明技能和基础设施方面根深蒂固的政策功能障碍;政治经济模式，同时寻求探索它们与威斯敏斯特议会模式的相互作用;国际实证研究的结果，着眼于启动改革所需的条件，其有效的发展和实施;和最近的政策创新在英国的新研究，包括货币，财政和竞争政策的治理变化。