Understanding and awareness: The roles of conscious awareness in language processing, development and disorders.

理解和意识：意识在语言处理、发展和障碍中的作用。

• 批准号: ES/L01064X/1
• 负责人: Hugh Rabagliati
• 金额: $ 30.57万
• 依托单位: University of Edinburgh
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2014 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FL01064X%2F1
• 关键词: Understanding; awareness; roles; conscious; language

In 1957, the advertising executive James Vicary gathered reporters to announce a startling finding. He had taken movie reels from a local cinema and repeatedly inserted single frames containing simple messages: "Eat popcorn" or "Drink Coca-Cola". The frames were essentially invisible, rushing by too fast for anyone to see, but their effects were extreme: A huge increase in sales at the concession stand. Vicary's finding suggested a powerful role for the unconscious in our everyday lives, and a lucrative new method for advertisers. There was just one problem: He was never able to corroborate the data. His startling result was false.In the intervening fifty years, we have learned a lot about the unconscious. Techniques for "masking" the world from consciousness have revealed the complex cognitive processes that proceed without awareness. But the role of awareness in language -- our primary means of understanding the world and making ourselves understood -- remains surprisingly unexplored, perhaps a legacy of Vicary's controversy. This project aims to correct that imbalance, investigating how understandable linguistic meanings arise from the combination of language and awareness. I want to understand the degree to which awareness of the world is a precondition for understanding and producing language. This topic is important in many different ways. It is important for science: Language and consciousness are two critical components of the human experience; understanding their interrelation can help us understand ourselves. It is important for society: Delineating the role of conscious awareness in understanding and being understood can help us to make sense of, and predict, people's behaviour. Finally, it is important for healthy development: As children grow, they have to develop the correct relationship between language and awareness. Understanding how this process might go wrong could improve the lives of both typically and atypically developing individuals.My approach is broadly focused and experimental in nature. The project examines how language and awareness interact in healthy adults, typically developing children, and individuals with schizophrenia, a developmental disorder often associated with impaired awareness. I use sophisticated experimental techniques to mask sentences from awareness, and then test the degree to which adults can still extract some understanding. I use eye tracking to measure what things in the world children, patients and healthy adults are aware of, and then test whether differences in awareness can explain some of the difficulties that both children and patients have in crafting clear, understandable descriptions of the world.The results should be important for all of the reasons set out above: They will inform both scientific theories, and methods for alleviating linguistic difficulties. And they will set the stage for future work where, in collaboration with others, I can complement our initial measurements of behaviour with an assessment of the twin neural underpinnings of language and consciousness.

1957年，广告主管詹姆斯·维卡里（James Vicary）召集记者宣布了一项惊人的发现。他从当地一家电影院拍摄电影胶片，反复插入包含简单信息的单帧画面：“吃爆米花”或“喝可口可乐”。这些画面基本上是看不见的，速度太快，任何人都看不见，但它们的效果是极端的：小卖部的销售额大幅增长。Vicary的发现表明潜意识在我们的日常生活中扮演着重要的角色，这对广告商来说是一个有利可图的新方法。只有一个问题：他从来没能证实这些数据。他那惊人的结果是假的。在这中间的五十年里，我们对无意识学到了很多。从意识中“掩盖”世界的技术揭示了在没有意识的情况下进行的复杂认知过程。但意识在语言中的作用——我们理解世界和让别人理解自己的主要手段——却令人惊讶地未被探索，这也许是Vicary争论的遗产。这个项目旨在纠正这种不平衡，研究如何从语言和意识的结合中产生可理解的语言意义。我想了解对世界的认识在多大程度上是理解和创造语言的先决条件。这个话题在很多方面都很重要。这对科学很重要：语言和意识是人类经验的两个关键组成部分；了解它们的相互关系可以帮助我们了解自己。这对社会很重要：描述有意识的意识在理解和被理解中的作用可以帮助我们理解和预测人们的行为。最后，这对健康发展很重要：随着孩子的成长，他们必须发展语言和意识之间的正确关系。了解这个过程是如何出错的，可以改善典型和非典型发展个体的生活。我的方法本质上是广泛关注和实验性的。该项目研究了健康成年人（通常是发育中的儿童）和精神分裂症患者（一种通常与意识受损有关的发育障碍）的语言和意识如何相互作用。我使用复杂的实验技术来掩盖句子的意识，然后测试成年人仍然可以提取一些理解的程度。我用眼动追踪来测量儿童、病人和健康的成年人对世界上的事物的认知，然后测试认知上的差异是否可以解释儿童和病人在对世界进行清晰、可理解的描述时遇到的一些困难。由于上面列出的所有原因，这些结果应该是重要的：它们将为科学理论和减轻语言困难的方法提供信息。它们将为未来的工作奠定基础，在与他人合作的情况下，我可以通过对语言和意识的孪生神经基础的评估来补充我们对行为的初步测量。

项目成果

How top-down processing enhances comprehension of noise-vocoded speech: Predictions about meaning are more important than predictions about form

• DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2020.104114
• 发表时间: 2020-08-01
• 期刊: JOURNAL OF MEMORY AND LANGUAGE
• 影响因子: 4.3
• 作者: Corps, Ruth E.;Rabagliati, Hugh
• 通讯作者: Rabagliati, Hugh

The development of linguistic prediction: Predictions of sound and meaning in 2-to-5-year-olds.

语言预测的发展：2 至 5 岁儿童的声音和意义预测。

• DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/aw4p7
• 发表时间: 2018
• 作者: Gambi C

Knowing How You Know: Toddlers Reevaluate Words Learned From an Unreliable Speaker.

• DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00038
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Open mind : discoveries in cognitive science
• 作者: Dautriche I;Goupil L;Smith K;Rabagliati H
• 通讯作者: Rabagliati H

Many Labs 5: Testing Pre-Data-Collection Peer Review as an Intervention to Increase Replicability

• DOI: 10.1177/2515245920958687
• 发表时间: 2020-09-01
• 期刊: ADVANCES IN METHODS AND PRACTICES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
• 影响因子: 13.6
• 作者: Ebersole, Charles R.;Mathur, Maya B.;Nosek, Brian A.
• 通讯作者: Nosek, Brian A.

Two-Year-Olds' Eye Movements Reflect Confidence in Their Understanding of Words.

两岁孩子的眼球运动反映了他们对单词理解的信心。

• DOI: 10.1177/09567976221105208
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Psychological science
• 影响因子: 8.2
• 作者: Dautriche I