Legal Tools for Peace-making - Concepts and Practice

缔造和平的法律工具 - 概念与实践

• 批准号: ES/M003620/1
• 负责人: M Weller
• 金额: $ 86.72万
• 依托单位: University of Cambridge
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2014 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FM003620%2F1
• 关键词: Legal; Tools; Peace; making; Concepts

Approximately 1000 cease-fires and peace agreements have been concluded since 1945. Most of the settlements that have been achieved involved international facilitation or mediation by a variety of actors. The UN has been the principal actor in this respect, but regional organisations, sub-regional actors, individual governments and non-governmental actors have also been involved. The list of resulting peace agreements is vast and imposing, representing a repository of international practice that has scarcely been mined by scholarship in a comprehensive and systematic way. There is no shortage of academic writings in the area of conflict settlement and peace-making in political science and international relations literature. However, there is a remarkable gap in the treatment of this area from a legal perspective. Professor Christine Bell is one of the only legal scholars engaging with the topic. Moreover, there is no systematic review of the substantive practice of peace-making in its entirety. This project will be the first to offer such an ambitious review and assessment of all known practice.What is more, there are currently approximately 40 on-going internationalised peace negotiations, covering a wide range of issue areas that need to be addressed in an eventual settlement. At present settlement options need to be researched afresh in every new peace negotiation in relation to each of the issue areas that arise. The outputs of this project will dispense with this time-consuming task as the project will offer detailed settlement options to international peace processes. This project aims to give coherence to the burgeoning practice of internationalised peace-making, offering practice-relevant guidance for mediators, while gaining important conceptual insights into the nature of this rapidly developing area of law. The project's objectives are to: (a) generate an analytical digest of settlement practice, offering for the first time detailed and accessible examples from previous treaties in relation to all specific issues that tend to arise; (b) offer case-studies on the major issue-areas of concern, highlighting different settlement options, relevant past experiences, and their relationship to other legal standards. The project will generate a shorter Handbook on Peace-making for practitioners on this basis; (c) investigate, at a more conceptual level, in a major collective study, to what extent the trends in settlements, which will be revealed through this analysis, evidence a change in international legal rules in relation to individual issue areas; (d) consider whether such developments constitute a new and distinct branch of international law (lex pacificatoria) and ask whether this specialist practice risks fragmenting the unitary legal system. As the project will be conducted in coordination with the UN and other major international organisations involved in international peace-making, it has unique access to practitioners placing it in a position where it can learn from them and also impact on their actions. Currently, in peace negotiations each issue has to be researched afresh by the mediation team and the parties to negotiations, as there is no substantive repository of approaches to the settlement of specific issues based on previous practice. Moreover, even where previous examples can be found, there is no time to assess how the approach in question has been implemented, and with what results. The project will offer a legal toolkit, or a set of options, regarding the general and specific problems, that typically arise in negotiations, providing guidance to the array of actors involved in creating peace agreements; thereby diminishing the present significant divergence in the quality of mediation attempts. It would also bring relief to the unhelpful asymmetry among the parties to peace mediations, currently favouring governments

自1945年以来，已达成约1000项停火与和平协定。大多数已经达成的解决办法都涉及国际促进或各种行为体的调解。联合国是这方面的主要行为者，但区域组织、次区域行为者、各国政府和非政府行为者也参与其中。由此产生的和平协定清单庞大而令人印象深刻，代表了一个国际惯例库，但学术界几乎没有以全面和系统的方式对其进行挖掘。政治学和国际关系文献中不乏解决冲突和缔造和平领域的学术著作。然而，从法律的角度来看，在处理这一领域方面存在着明显的差距。克莉丝汀贝尔教授是唯一一位从事这一课题的法律的学者。此外，也没有系统地审查整个缔造和平的实质性做法。该项目将是第一个对所有已知做法进行如此雄心勃勃的审查和评估的项目。此外，目前正在进行的国际化和平谈判约有40个，涉及最终解决方案中需要解决的广泛问题领域。目前，在每一次新的和平谈判中，都需要就出现的每一个问题领域重新研究解决办法。该项目的产出将免除这项耗时的任务，因为该项目将为国际和平进程提供详细的解决方案。该项目旨在使国际化和平建设的新兴实践保持一致，为调解人提供与实践相关的指导，同时对这一快速发展的法律领域的性质获得重要的概念见解。该项目的目标是：（a）编写一份关于解决办法的分析性摘要，首次就可能出现的所有具体问题提供以往条约中的详细和可查阅的实例;（B）就主要关切问题领域提供案例研究，突出不同的解决办法、相关的以往经验及其与其他法律的标准的关系。该项目将在此基础上为执行人员编制一本较短的《缔造和平手册》;（c）在一项重大集体研究中，从概念上探讨通过这项分析所揭示的住区趋势在多大程度上证明国际法律的规则在个别问题领域发生了变化;（d）审议这种发展是否构成国际法（太平洋法）的一个新的独特分支，并询问这种专门做法是否有可能使单一法律的制度支离破碎。由于该项目将与联合国和参与国际和平建设的其他主要国际组织协调进行，因此它具有独特的从业人员通道，使其能够向他们学习并影响他们的行动。目前，在和平谈判中，调解小组和谈判各方必须重新研究每一个问题，因为没有根据以往惯例解决具体问题的实质性办法。此外，即使在可以找到以前的例子的地方，也没有时间来评估有关方法是如何实施的，以及取得了什么结果。该项目将提供一个法律的工具包，或一套备选办法，处理谈判中通常出现的一般和具体问题，为参与制定和平协定的各种行为体提供指导，从而缩小目前调解努力质量方面的巨大差异。它还将缓解和平调解各方之间无益的不对称状况，目前这种状况有利于政府

项目成果

International Law and Peace Settlements

国际法与和平解决

• 发表时间: 2021
• 作者: Rylatt J