Turning livelihoods to rubbish? Assessing the impacts of formalization and technologization of waste management on the urban poor

废物再利用和回收对生计越来越重要，特别是在全球南方。随着人们对环境问题的关注和对废物经济效益的认识的提高，人们越来越多地争论谁将被允许从废物中受益。正规化、金融化、利用技术取代劳动力以及共同治理责任的现象日益增多，这往往会剥夺最贫困人口的机会，并通常会将那些已经依赖这一资源谋生的人排除在外，特别是妇女、青年和移民。废物的技术化以及非正规回收者和环保主义者的反对。我们通过审查反对焚化炉的理由来做到这一点，这些理由是回收利用对环境和穷人更好。（二）废物融资的国际化。我们将研究一组试图利用国际气候融资为这一发展提供资金的行为体。（三）内城废物收集的正规化和刑事定罪。许多政策制定者和商业利益集团对“适当城市”的愿景往往与非正规工人使用城市的方式形成鲜明对比。在试图建立这一愿景时，非正规工人往往被排除在城市之外，然而，许多人反对这种搬迁。㈣废物管理合作治理。一项由政府资助的提高废物意识运动力求与社区和企业建立伙伴关系，以改善废物管理。然而，社区参与对双赢解决方案的框架提出了挑战，推动更多地考虑社会和政治问题。在每一种情况下，我们都试图了解关于废物是什么的竞争主张，谁应该从废物管理中受益，以及如何做出决策来分配成本和收益。我们还将研究不断变化的政治和体制条件如何塑造不同行为体从废物中获益并实现可持续脱贫的能力。这具有直接的政策影响，因为这项工作将使决策者了解哪些类型的废物干预措施可以改善城市穷人的条件，并与废物处理工作者一起建设能力，制定有效战略，主张废物的惠益。在理论上，我们使用一个城市政治生态学框架，它引起人们对社会正义，不平等以及政治经济与日常物质生活之间联系的关注。Wesituate我们的研究在南方理论的背景下，旨在了解南方城市自己的条件，而不是通过在全球北方发展的理论。我们寻求从南非学习，因为这里的许多模式是未来的可能性和挑战的指示在全球南方的其他城市。随着中产阶级和上层阶级收入的增加，消费也在增长，不平等现象也在加剧。虽然在许多方面存在问题，但这种两极分化为废物收集创造了机会。此外，南非已经有了渐进式的监管，但这导致了相互竞争的任务。这表明，除了简单地通过更多政策之外，还需要做更多的事情。最后，南非在许多方面都处于技术创新的前沿，但在整个南半球，使用高科技解决方案的趋势越来越明显。出于这些原因，南非可以吸取许多教训，这些教训将产生更广泛的影响。我们将与各种利益相关者接触，包括正式和非正式的废物从业者、政府官员和非政府组织。我们将以多种方式展示我们的研究结果，包括学术会议，政策简报以及与当地和区域利益相关者的研讨会。我们还将创建一个移动的讲故事展览，分享我们的发现。

Waste reuse and recycling has become increasingly important to livelihoods, particularly in the Global South. As environmental concerns and awareness of the financial benefits of waste rise, there is growing contestation over who will be allowed to benefit from waste. Formalisation, financialisation, the use of technology to replace labour and shared governance responsibilities are increasing, and this often removes opportunities from the poorest of the poor and typically excludes those who already depend on this resource for their livelihoods, particularly women, youth, and migrants.The research will look at four interventions in South Africa: i) The technologization of waste and opposition from informal recyclers and environmentalists. We do this through an examination of opposition to an incinerator based on the claim that recycling is better for the environment and the poor. ii) The internationalisation of waste finance. We will study a group of actors trying to harness international climate finance to fund this development. iii) Inner city formalization and criminalization of waste collection. The vision of many policy makers and business interests of a 'proper city' often contrasts with the way that informal workers use the city. In trying to establish this vision, informal workers are often excluded from the city, however, many oppose such removals. iv) Cooperative governance for waste management. A government-funded waste awareness campaign seeks to develop partnerships with communities and businesses to improve waste management. However, community participation has challenged the framing of win-win solutions, pushing for greater consideration of social and political concerns.In each case, we seek to understand competing claims over what waste is, who should benefit from its management, and how decisions are made to allocate costs and benefits. We will also examine how changing political and institutional conditions shape different actors' abilities to garner benefits from waste and achieve sustainable pathways out of poverty. This has direct policy implications, as the work will inform policy-makers regarding what types of waste interventions can improve conditions for the urban poor as well as build capacity with waste workers regarding effective strategies for asserting claims to the benefits of waste. Theoretically, we use an urban political ecology framework which draws attention to questions of social justice, inequality, and the connection between political economy and everyday material lives. Wesituate our research in the context of Southern theory which seeks to understand Southern cities on their own terms, not through theories developed in the Global North.We seek to learn from South Africa because many patterns here are indicative of future possibilities and challenges for other cities in the Global South. Consumption is growing as incomes rise for the middle and upper class, and inequality increases. While problematic in many ways, this polarisation creates opportunities for waste collection. Additionally, South Africa already has progressive regulation, but this results in competing mandates. It suggests that more is needed than simply passing more policies. Finally, South Africa is in many ways at the forefront of technological innovation, but there is a growing trend towards the use of high tech solutions throughout the Global South. For these reasons, there are many lessons which can be learned in South Africa which will have a wider impact.We will will engage with a diverse range of stakeholders, including formal and informal waste practitioners, government officials, and NGOs. We will present our findings in a number of ways, including academic conferences, policy briefings, and workshops with local and regional stakeholders. We will also create a mobile story-telling exhibition to share our findings.