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Turning livelihoods to rubbish? Assessing the impacts of formalization and technologization of waste management on the urban poor

让生计变成垃圾？

基本信息

批准号：
ES/M009408/1
负责人：
Erik Swyngedouw
金额：
$ 40.3万
依托单位：
University of Manchester
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2015
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2015 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FM009408%2F1
关键词：
Turning livelihoods rubbish Assessing impacts

项目摘要

Waste reuse and recycling has become increasingly important to livelihoods, particularly in the Global South. As environmental concerns and awareness of the financial benefits of waste rise, there is growing contestation over who will be allowed to benefit from waste. Formalisation, financialisation, the use of technology to replace labour and shared governance responsibilities are increasing, and this often removes opportunities from the poorest of the poor and typically excludes those who already depend on this resource for their livelihoods, particularly women, youth, and migrants.The research will look at four interventions in South Africa: i) The technologization of waste and opposition from informal recyclers and environmentalists. We do this through an examination of opposition to an incinerator based on the claim that recycling is better for the environment and the poor. ii) The internationalisation of waste finance. We will study a group of actors trying to harness international climate finance to fund this development. iii) Inner city formalization and criminalization of waste collection. The vision of many policy makers and business interests of a 'proper city' often contrasts with the way that informal workers use the city. In trying to establish this vision, informal workers are often excluded from the city, however, many oppose such removals. iv) Cooperative governance for waste management. A government-funded waste awareness campaign seeks to develop partnerships with communities and businesses to improve waste management. However, community participation has challenged the framing of win-win solutions, pushing for greater consideration of social and political concerns.In each case, we seek to understand competing claims over what waste is, who should benefit from its management, and how decisions are made to allocate costs and benefits. We will also examine how changing political and institutional conditions shape different actors' abilities to garner benefits from waste and achieve sustainable pathways out of poverty. This has direct policy implications, as the work will inform policy-makers regarding what types of waste interventions can improve conditions for the urban poor as well as build capacity with waste workers regarding effective strategies for asserting claims to the benefits of waste. Theoretically, we use an urban political ecology framework which draws attention to questions of social justice, inequality, and the connection between political economy and everyday material lives. Wesituate our research in the context of Southern theory which seeks to understand Southern cities on their own terms, not through theories developed in the Global North.We seek to learn from South Africa because many patterns here are indicative of future possibilities and challenges for other cities in the Global South. Consumption is growing as incomes rise for the middle and upper class, and inequality increases. While problematic in many ways, this polarisation creates opportunities for waste collection. Additionally, South Africa already has progressive regulation, but this results in competing mandates. It suggests that more is needed than simply passing more policies. Finally, South Africa is in many ways at the forefront of technological innovation, but there is a growing trend towards the use of high tech solutions throughout the Global South. For these reasons, there are many lessons which can be learned in South Africa which will have a wider impact.We will will engage with a diverse range of stakeholders, including formal and informal waste practitioners, government officials, and NGOs. We will present our findings in a number of ways, including academic conferences, policy briefings, and workshops with local and regional stakeholders. We will also create a mobile story-telling exhibition to share our findings.

废物再利用和回收对于生计变得越来越重要，特别是在南半球国家。随着环境问题和人们对废物带来的经济效益的认识不断提高，关于谁可以从废物中受益的争论日益激烈。正规化、金融化、使用技术取代劳动力和共同治理责任正在增加，这往往剥夺了最贫困人口的机会，并且通常将那些已经依赖这种资源维持生计的人排除在外，特别是妇女、青年和移民。该研究将着眼于南非的四项干预措施：i）废物的技术化以及来自非正式回收商和环保主义者的反对。我们通过审查对焚烧厂的反对意见来做到这一点，因为垃圾回收对环境和穷人来说更好。 ii) 废物融资的国际化。我们将研究一组试图利用国际气候融资为这一发展提供资金的参与者。 iii) 内城区废物收集的正规化和刑事定罪。许多政策制定者和商业利益对“适当城市”的愿景常常与非正规工人使用城市的方式形成鲜明对比。在试图建立这一愿景的过程中，非正规工人往往被排除在城市之外，然而，许多人反对这种迁移。 iv) 废物管理合作治理。政府资助的废物意识运动旨在与社区和企业建立伙伴关系，以改善废物管理。然而，社区参与对双赢解决方案的框架提出了挑战，推动了对社会和政治问题的更多考虑。在每种情况下，我们都试图了解关于废物是什么、谁应该从废物管理中受益以及如何做出分配成本和收益的决策的相互竞争的主张。我们还将研究不断变化的政治和制度条件如何塑造不同行为者从废物中获取利益并实现可持续脱贫之路的能力。这具有直接的政策影响，因为这项工作将告知政策制定者哪些类型的废物干预措施可以改善城市贫民的条件，并培养废物处理工人的能力，以制定有效的策略来主张废物的好处。理论上，我们使用城市政治生态框架来关注社会正义、不平等以及政治经济与日常物质生活之间的联系等问题。我们将我们的研究置于南方理论的背景下，该理论旨在以南方城市自身的方式来理解南方城市，而不是通过北半球发展起来的理论。我们寻求向南非学习，因为这里的许多模式表明了南半球其他城市未来的可能性和挑战。随着中上阶层收入的增加和不平等的加剧，消费也在增长。虽然在很多方面存在问题，但这种两极分化为废物收集创造了机会。此外，南非已经制定了渐进式监管，但这导致了相互竞争的要求。这表明我们需要做的不仅仅是通过更多政策。最后，南非在许多方面都处于技术创新的前沿，但整个南方国家使用高科技解决方案的趋势日益增长。出于这些原因，南非可以吸取许多经验教训，这些经验教训将产生更广泛的影响。我们将与各种利益相关者合作，包括正式和非正式的废物从业者、政府官员和非政府组织。我们将通过多种方式展示我们的研究结果，包括学术会议、政策简报以及与当地和区域利益相关者举行的研讨会。我们还将创建一个移动讲故事展览来分享我们的发现。