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Using economic theory to understand children's risky visuomotor decisions

使用经济学理论来理解儿童的危险视觉运动决策

基本信息

批准号：
ES/N000838/1
负责人：
Tessa Dekker
金额：
$ 28.35万
依托单位：
University College London
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2016
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2016 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FN000838%2F1
关键词：
Using economic theory understand children

项目摘要

In playgrounds, traffic and around the house, we are at continuous risk of bodily injury. Children are particularly accident-prone, as reflected in the disproportionally high accident-rates of pedestrians aged 15 year and younger. In recent years many researchers, including myself, have made considerable strides in understanding how visuomotor abilities improve across development. Despite these advances in understanding, current approaches do not consider how children adjust for their changing abilities to avoid unnecessary bodily risk during everyday visuomotor decisions. For example, children are less efficient than adults at avoiding incoming traffic when crossing busy roads. Do they account for this correctly by waiting for larger gaps between cars before crossing?Economic decision-making theories will be employed to model children's visuomotor choices. Economists identify the best financial investments by trading-off probabilities of positive and negative monetary outcomes. Likewise, such tactics can identify the best movement strategy (e.g., when to cross) that maximises safety and efficiency (e.g., avoids accidents but utilises safe gaps in traffic). This has proven very effective for modelling mature visuomotor behaviour, showing that adults often choose movements that optimise performance. Recently I pioneered this approach with children, showing that children aged 6 to 11 years make riskier visuomotor choices than adults during manual reaching. To understand and reduce the effects of risky action selection on childhood injury, we must characterise more broadly how visuomotor decision-making develops, and understand which neurocognitive processes drive this change. A combination of precise behavioural tests, mathematical modelling and neuroimaging will be used to address these fundamental questions.This proposal consists of 3 main objectives that each form a necessary step towards understanding children's movements under real risk in real world situations; These are to (1) characterise children's risky visuomotor decisions in realistic circumstances, including whole-body movements and poor eye-sight, (2) identify which basic mental processes underlie children's immature visuomotor choices, and (3) investigate how these might be improved through training. By characterising changes in visuomotor decision-making in detail at the behavioural and neural level, these objectives will significantly advance our understanding of the developing visuomotor system in action and the mechanisms of visuomotor decision-making. Moreover, this project has great translational potential for improving childhood safety and well being in everyday life, by informing educational programs and generating new ideas for interventions to improve safety.

在游乐场，交通和周围的房子，我们在不断的身体伤害的风险。儿童特别容易发生事故，这反映在15岁及15岁以下行人的意外率非常高。近年来，许多研究人员，包括我自己，在理解视觉能力如何在整个发展过程中提高方面取得了长足的进步。尽管在理解方面取得了这些进展，但目前的方法并没有考虑儿童如何适应他们不断变化的能力，以避免在日常视觉决策中不必要的身体风险。例如，在穿越忙碌的道路时，儿童在避开迎面而来的车辆方面不如成年人有效率。他们是否通过等待汽车之间更大的间隙才过马路来正确地解释这一点？经济决策理论将被用来模拟儿童的视觉选择。经济学家通过权衡积极和消极货币结果的概率来确定最佳金融投资。同样，这种策略可以识别最佳移动策略（例如，何时穿越），其使安全性和效率最大化（例如，避免事故，但利用交通中的安全间隙）。事实证明，这对模拟成熟的视觉行为非常有效，表明成年人经常选择优化性能的动作。最近，我在儿童身上率先采用了这种方法，表明6至11岁的儿童在手动操作时比成年人做出更危险的视觉选择。为了了解和减少危险行为选择对儿童伤害的影响，我们必须更广泛地了解视觉决策是如何发展的，并了解哪些神经认知过程驱动了这种变化。将使用精确的行为测试、数学建模和神经成像相结合的方法来解决这些基本问题。该建议包括三个主要目标，每个目标都是理解儿童在真实的世界情况下在真实的风险下的运动的必要步骤;这些是（1）在现实环境中，包括全身运动和视力差，（2）确定哪些基本的心理过程是儿童不成熟的视觉选择的基础，（3）研究如何通过训练来改善这些心理过程。通过在行为和神经水平上详细描述视觉决策的变化，这些目标将大大提高我们对视觉系统发展和视觉决策机制的理解。此外，该项目具有很大的转化潜力，通过为教育计划提供信息和为改善安全的干预措施产生新的想法，改善儿童的安全和日常生活中的福祉。