Models of Explicit and Implicit Memory: Linking Priming, Recognition, and Source Memory

记忆有许多不同的形式。了解这些不同形式的记忆是如何在大脑中运作和启动的，是心理学和神经科学研究的一个关键目标。一个基本的问题是，是否存在独立于其他类型发挥作用的不同形式的记忆(多系统理论)，或者不同形式的记忆是否实际上利用相同的底层记忆(单一系统理论)。这个项目将对现有的单系统模型进行严格的测试，方法是：a)将其应用于被认为对该模型解释具有挑战性的记忆任务--源记忆；b)在八个旨在区分这两个模型的新实验中，将其预测与该模型的多系统版本的预测进行比较。在先前的研究中，申请人已经找到了关于识别记忆和重复启动的单系统模型的证据，并且该模型比多系统模型更受欢迎。识别记忆包括能够确定你以前是否遇到过什么，例如，你能够说你以前见过犯罪者的脸。重复启动是记忆的一个更间接的例子--当再次遇到刺激时，它通常通过性能的改善表现出来；例如，当你看到一张你最近见过的熟悉的面孔时，你往往会比一张你很长时间没有见过的面孔识别得更快。再认记忆是外显(有意识)记忆的传统例子，而重复启动是内隐(无意识)记忆的传统例子。单系统模型要解释的新任务是源记忆，这是另一种外显记忆任务，涉及记忆与先前相遇有关的特定信息。例如，如果你能够记住你在犯罪现场而不是在超市看到了一张特定的面孔，或者如果你能够正确地记住犯罪者夹克的颜色是红色而不是蓝色，就会显示来源记忆。对于单系统模型来说，解释源记忆也很重要，因为许多理论认为，用于做出源记忆决定的记忆与驱动重复启动的记忆类型不同。如果源记忆和重复启动之间的关系能够被证明符合单系统模型的预测，这将对这些替代理论产生重要的影响，并将是对单系统观点广度的关键考验。单系统模型的主要假设是启动、识别和来源是由相同的记忆信号驱动的。该模型的具体预测将得到实验验证。例如，该模型预测，重复启动将与来源记忆判断的准确性以及做出这些判断的置信度呈正相关。它还预测，这种关系受到识别记忆的调节。此外，它预测，实验变量将倾向于类似地影响启动、识别和源记忆，因此将受到这些措施受到不同影响的实验的强烈挑战。在编码时操纵注意力和呈现方式的实验将研究这一点。该模型将符合实验数据，并与多系统模型的匹配和预测进行比较；这些模型将在单系统模型中纳入相互竞争的理论假设，并允许驱动外显记忆和内隐记忆的记忆信号之间存在不同程度的独立性。

Memory comes in many different forms. Understanding how these different forms of memory operate and are enabled in the brain is a crucial goal in psychological and neuroscientific research. A fundamental question is whether there are distinct forms of memory that function independently of other kinds (multiple-systems theory), or whether different forms of memory actually draw upon the same underlying memory (single-system theory). This project will conduct rigorous tests of an existing single-system model by a) applying it to a memory task thought to be challenging for the model to explain -- source memory, and b) comparing its predictions to those of multiple-systems versions of the model in eight new experiments that are designed to discriminate between the models.In previous research, the applicant has found evidence for a single-system model of recognition memory and repetition priming, and this model was preferred to multiple-systems ones. Recognition memory involves being able to determine whether you have encountered something before, for instance, being able to say that you have seen the face of a perpetrator of a crime before. Repetition priming is a more indirect example of memory -- it is typically shown via improvements in performance when a stimulus is re-encountered; for example, when presented with a familiar face that you have seen recently, you will tend to identify it faster than a face that you have not seen for a long time. Recognition memory is a traditional example of explicit (conscious) memory, whereas repetition priming is a traditional example of implicit (unconscious) memory.The new task to be explained by the single-system model is source memory, another explicit memory task, which involves remembering specific information related to a prior encounter. For instance, source memory would be shown if you were able to remember that you saw a particular face at the scene of a crime and not at the supermarket, or if you were able to correctly remember that the colour of the jacket of the perpetrator of a crime was red and not blue. It is important for the single-system model to also explain source memory because many theories propose that the memory used to make source memory decisions is distinct from the kind of memory that drives repetition priming. If the relationship between source memory and repetition priming could be shown to follow the predictions of the single-system model, this would have important implications for these alternative theories, and would be a crucial test of the breadth of single-system views.Multivariate signal detection theory will be drawn upon in extending the model. The main assumption of the single-system model is that priming, recognition, and source are driven by the same memory signal. Specific predictions of the model will be tested experimentally. For example, the model predicts that repetition priming will be positively related to the accuracy of source memory judgments and also the confidence with which these judgments are made. It also predicts that this relationship is modulated by recognition memory. Furthermore, it predicts that experimental variables will tend to affect priming, recognition and source memory similarly, and so would be strongly challenged by experiments in which these measures are differentially affected. Experiments manipulating attention and modality of presentation at encoding will investigate this. The model will be fit to the experimental data and compared with the fit and predictions of multiple-systems models; these will incorporate competing theoretical assumptions to the single-system model and allow for various degrees of independence between the memory signals driving explicit and implicit memory.