Urgent Invite - Transitory Lives: An Anthropological Research of the Migration Crisis in the Mediterranean.

地中海正在发生的移民危机影响到所有欧洲国家，是欧洲决策的主要挑战之一。根据联合国难民署的数据，2015年前六个月，有10.3万名乘船移民越过地中海。其中5.4万人抵达意大利，4.8万人抵达希腊。超过1800人丧生或在海上失踪。在2014年，Kirtsoglou，里昂和骑士进行了达勒姆大学资助的移民社区在希腊的试点研究，并建立了学术界，政府和非政府组织渴望开发新的基层举措和合作的国际网络的链接。我们建议扩大和深化我们的初步参与，在意大利南部和爱琴海群岛东部受严重影响的地区实地调查移徙紧急情况的管理。我们的目标是记录和了解高风险非正常移徙背后的移民主体性和动机，以确定接收结构的潜在差距，并评估移民对接收社区的影响。我们将参与一项严格的人类学研究计划，其中包括与移民、当地社区、非政府组织工作人员和决策者进行广泛的访谈。我们还将在一系列环境中进行广泛的观察研究，如接待中心，移民支持团体和其他以社区为基础的地点。我们将与人道主义组织和地方政府当局合作，利用这些数据为该地区的移民政策提供信息。利用我们与两国主要利益相关者网络的现有联系以及自下而上的比较研究方法，我们将探讨以下需要立即关注的相互关联的问题：1）高风险移民旅程的主要驱动因素是什么？移民如何在旅程之前和之后计算和衡量风险？2)移徙者如何谈判管理移徙的宏观程序，包括边境管制和寻求庇护政策，政府结构和地方接收系统，包括住宿和甄别基础设施，存在哪些主要缺陷？3)地方社区在管理移徙流动方面的作用是什么，紧急移徙遭遇中出现的新形式的社会互动和关系在建立对非正常移徙者的团结网络方面的重要性是什么？4)意大利和希腊背景的比较能给政策制定者和非政府组织在努力应对这场危机时带来什么启示？非正常移徙是一个复杂的现象，与人权、国家和超国家政策、劳动剥削和经济、缺乏可持续发展、国际冲突升级、腐败和安全等不同领域密切相关。对紧急移民遭遇的社会动态进行精细的人类学描述可以为所有这些不同领域提供重要的见解。拟议的研究旨在超越对移民政策的批评。通过关注所涉及的关键行为体，我们为社会科学家、人道主义援助工作者、政府和非政府当局之间的全面合作奠定了基础。希腊和意大利的非政府组织网络支持该项目，同时还有一个长期参与的团队，在地中海南部和东南部的关键地区进行了出色的研究。我们拥有独特的能力，能够提供关于移徙紧急情况的社会、物质、法律的和政治层面的广泛证据基础，并建立新的信息渠道，帮助从业人员和当局交流知识，完善政策，改善对未来移徙危机的管理。

The ongoing migration crisis in the Mediterranean affects all European Countries and is one of the major challenges in European policy making. According to the UN Refugee Agency, 103,000 boat migrants crossed the Mediterranean in the first six months of 2015. 54,000 of them arrived in Italy and 48,000 in Greece. More than 1800 perished, or are missing at sea. In 2014, Kirtsoglou, Lyon and Knight carried out a Durham University funded pilot study of migrant communities in Greece and established links to an international network of academics, governmental and non-governmental organizations eager to develop new grassroots initiatives and collaborations. We propose to extend and deepen our initial involvement, by investigating in situ the management of migration emergencies in the critically affected regions of south Italy and the eastern Aegean islands. Our aim is to document and understand migrant subjectivities and motives behind high-risk irregular migration, to identify potemtial gaps in reception structures and to assess the effects of migration on receiving communities. We will engage in a programme of rigorous anthropological research that will involve extended interviews with migrants, local communities, NGO staff and policy makers. We will also carry out extensive observational research in a range of settings such as reception centres, migrant support groups and other community-based locations. Working in collaboration with humanitarian organisations and local government authorities, we will use this data to inform migration policies in the region. Capitalising on our existing links with a network of major stakeholders in two countries and a bottom-up comparative research approach we will pursue the following interconnected questions that demand immediate attention:1) What are the main drivers of high risk migration journeys and how do migrants calculate and weigh-up risk prior to the journey and in its aftermath? 2) How do migrants negotiate the macro-processes that govern migration including border control and asylum seeking policies, and what are the main deficiencies in governmental structures and local systems of reception, including accommodation and screening infrastructures?3) What is the role of local communities in managing migration flows and what is the importance of new forms of social interaction and relationships that emerge from emergency migration encounters in building networks of solidarity toward irregular migrants? 4) What can the comparison of Italian and Greek contexts teach policy developers and NGOs as they endeavour to respond to this crisis? Irregular migration is a complex phenomenon intimately related to different fields such as human rights, national and supranational policies, labour exploitation and economics, lack of sustainable development, international conflict escalation, corruption and security. A fine-grained anthropological account of the social dynamics of emergency migration encounters can provide critical insights on all these different fields. The proposed research aims to go beyond offering a critique to migration policies. By focusing on key actors involved, we lay the basis for comprehensive collaborations between social scientists, humanitarian aid practitioners, governmental and non-governmental authorities. A network of Greek and Italian NGOs support the project, alongside a team with long term involvement and a track record of outstanding research in the critical regions of south and south-eastern Mediterranean. We are uniquely equipped to deliver a wide evidence base of the social, material, legal and political dimensions of migration emergencies and to build new information channels that will help practitioners and authorities exchange knowledge, refine policies and improve the management of future migration crises.