Live, video, and photo identification: Which eyewitness identification procedure best facilitates recognition?

现场、视频和照片识别：哪种目击者识别程序最有利于识别？

• 批准号: ES/N016602/1
• 负责人: Ryan Fitzgerald
• 金额: $ 22.96万
• 依托单位: University of Portsmouth
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2016 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FN016602%2F1
• 关键词: Live; video; photo; identification; eyewitness

After observing a crime, eyewitnesses can provide law enforcement personnel with important information about the criminal's identity. This is often achieved by pointing out the criminal from an identity parade. The basic procedure for an identity parade is to have the witness inspect a group of people and judge whether one of them is the criminal, but the procedures used to administer identity parades vary substantially across jurisdictions. In countries like Australia and South Africa, parade members appear in person - similar to how identification procedures tend to be depicted in popular films. Live parades are also used in the USA and Canada, but identification from photographs (or "mugshots") is far more common. In the UK, recent legislation has led to the widespread use of video technology to present identity parades. Such disparity in procedures begs the question: Which one is best? When considering the pragmatics of the different techniques, photo and video identifications are the clear favourites. Finding suitable people to appear in a live parade is not always easy, whereas the availability of large databases of photo and video images make these alternative forms of identity parades substantially more manageable to construct. Video and photo parades are also less expensive than live parades because the parade members do not need to be paid each time they appear. Although the practical benefits of photo and video parades are clear, eyewitness scientists have yet to reach a consensus on which procedure is most likely to facilitate a correct identification decision. This is a huge societal problem because if a witness is unable to identify the criminal, investigators may not have the evidence required to secure a conviction and hold the criminal responsible. There is also a very real possibility that an eyewitness will mistakenly identify an innocent person. When this happens, the innocent person is at an increased risk of wrongful conviction. Wrongful convictions happen quite frequently and in a review of convictions that were proven to be wrongful in light of DNA evidence, mistaken identifications were present in over 70% of the cases and was the leading contributing factor (www.innocenceproject.org). Sometimes false identifications are beyond the justice system's control, but decades of scientific research have demonstrated that eyewitness identification policies and procedures can have a significant impact on the reliability of eyewitness identifications. This is why it is crucial to know how identifications are affected by presenting the identity parade members in person, on video, or with photographs. One thing to consider is that live procedures give witnesses the opportunity to see the parade members in their entirety, whereas photo and video procedures typically only provide a head-and-shoulders view. All else equal, the ability to see the parade members from top to bottom should improve eyewitness identification performance. In practice, however, the logistical constraints of live identifications might wipe out any of these theoretical benefits.The proposed research will provide a rigorous comparison of live, video, and photo parades, and it will also introduce a novel procedure that shows videos of the entire person. The novel procedure has been designed to retain the practical advantages of video parades, but also provide witnesses with the additional memory cues that are available for live parades. The people who are investigating crimes and setting eyewitness identification policy are currently facing a paradox: the most practical identification procedure may not produce the best identification outcomes. When the proposed research has been completed, the data will inform investigators and policy-makers on which identity parade modality produces the best identification outcomes.

在观察犯罪后，目击者可以为执法人员提供有关罪犯身份的重要信息。这通常是通过在身份游行中指出罪犯来实现的。“身份游行”的基本程序是让证人检查一群人，并判断其中一个人是否是罪犯，但不同司法管辖区管理“身份游行”的程序差别很大。在澳大利亚和南非这样的国家，游行成员会亲自出现——类似于流行电影中描述的身份识别过程。美国和加拿大也有现场游行，但通过照片（或“面部照片”）来识别身份要常见得多。在英国，最近的立法导致视频技术被广泛使用来展示身份游行。这种程序上的差异引出了一个问题：哪一个是最好的？当考虑到不同技术的语用性时，照片和视频识别显然是最受欢迎的。找到合适的人出现在现场游行中并不总是那么容易，而大量的照片和视频图像数据库的可用性使得这些替代形式的身份游行更容易构建。视频和照片游行也比现场游行便宜，因为游行成员每次出现都不需要支付报酬。尽管照片和视频游行的实际好处是显而易见的，但目击者科学家们尚未就哪种程序最有可能促进正确的识别决定达成共识。这是一个巨大的社会问题，因为如果证人无法识别罪犯，调查人员可能没有必要的证据来确保定罪并追究罪犯的责任。还有一种非常真实的可能性，目击证人会错误地认出一个无辜的人。当这种情况发生时，无辜的人被错误定罪的风险就会增加。错误的定罪经常发生，根据DNA证据，在对被证明是错误的定罪的审查中，错误的识别存在于超过70%的案件中，是主要的促成因素（www.innocenceproject.org）。有时，虚假指认超出了司法系统的控制范围，但数十年的科学研究表明，目击者指认政策和程序可以对目击者指认的可靠性产生重大影响。这就是为什么通过亲自展示身份游行成员、视频或照片来了解身份如何受到影响是至关重要的。需要考虑的一件事是，现场程序让目击者有机会看到游行成员的全貌，而照片和视频程序通常只能提供头部和肩部的视图。在其他条件相同的情况下，从上到下看到游行成员的能力应该会提高目击者的识别能力。然而，在实践中，活体鉴定的后勤限制可能会抹去这些理论上的好处。拟议中的研究将对现场游行、视频游行和照片游行进行严格的比较，并将引入一种展示整个人的视频的新程序。新程序的设计保留了视频游行的实际优势，但也为目击者提供了现场游行可用的额外记忆线索。调查犯罪和制定目击证人鉴定政策的人们目前面临着一个悖论：最实用的鉴定程序不一定能产生最好的鉴定结果。当拟议的研究完成后，数据将告知调查人员和政策制定者哪种身份游行模式产生最佳的识别结果。

项目成果

Eyewitness Identification: Live, Photo, and Video Lineups.

目击者的身份：现场，照片和视频阵容。

• DOI: 10.1037/law0000164
• 发表时间: 2018-08
• 期刊: Psychology, public policy, and law : an official law review of the University of Arizona College of Law and the University of Miami School of Law
• 作者: Fitzgerald RJ;Price HL;Valentine T
• 通讯作者: Valentine T

Live presentation for eyewitness identification is not superior to photo or video presentation.

用于目击者识别的现场演示并不优于照片或视频演示。

• DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.08.009
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition
• 影响因子: 4.2
• 作者: Rubínová E