A Computational Model of Deception Detection in SMS Scams

这个项目将开发一个整合了许多方面思想的模型，以解释为什么人们倾向于相信短信骗局是真实的，并反过来开发基于理论的干预措施，以减少过度相信的倾向。因为在做出这些决定时使用了许多不同类型的信息，而且由于思想的许多方面起作用，仅通过实验来探索这个过程将是昂贵、耗时的，并且在确定所涉及的精神表征/过程方面是有限的。到目前为止，还没有一种欺骗检测理论将注意力、目标规划和长期记忆等认知的许多方面结合在一起，所有这些都是判断一条短信是真实还是虚假的所必需的。通过依赖一个成熟和经过检验的理论，计算模型可以以成本效益和相对省时的方式探讨这些问题。这个项目是创新的，因为它将是第一个域通用的欺骗检测模型。工作包1将在短信欺骗检测的背景下开发一个域通用计算模型。ACT-R认知架构已经经过了40多年的广泛测试和开发。它是一种关于人类大脑的关键结构和过程的理论，它整合了认知的许多方面。这个项目将使用ACT-R框架来实现一个欺骗检测的计算模型。该模型将被用来测试当(I)人们的注意力被吸引到诸如需要紧急响应的因素时，(Ii)消息的内容和个人的一般怀疑是不同的，以及(Iii)实施了干预时，例如允许选择延迟回复短信时，人们如何行动。这些因素将通过工作包1中的ACT-R框架进行测试。工作包2将通过实验测试来探索ACT-R模型。这些研究将把实验室控制与现实世界的应用相结合。参与者将在记录眼球运动的同时与手机互动。眼球运动数据提供了精确的时间，以确定他们在短信诈骗中被吸引到了什么信息，并决定是否回复或删除文本。这种精确的时间信息使该项目能够测试ACT-R欺骗检测模型的预测。工作包3将根据工作包1和2的结果开发干预。咨询北约克郡警方和短信诈骗预防组织(反社会工程师有限公司)，并与计算机科学家合作，将开发一个基于手机的应用程序。虽然应用程序的确切性质将取决于前两个工作包的发现，但根据目前的欺骗检测理论，预计该应用程序可能会扫描关键字，鼓励用户通过在线搜索来验证信息，或者允许用户按下“不确定”按钮，这将隐藏短信，直到他们有时间检查文本的真实性。该项目符合ESRC的研究重点，即“身处数字时代的方式”和“生产力”。警方调查个人短信诈骗的资源有限，而防范诈骗的组织指出，短信攻击正在上升。这个项目的成果是一款智能手机应用程序，旨在鼓励用户考虑诈骗的可能性，并在数字世界中以一种“健康的怀疑”态度行事。减少参与诈骗的风险将减轻警察部队和协助诈骗预防组织向潜在受害者提供循证干预的负担。我们还将与当地儿童保护委员会合作，将该模型转化为理解在社会工作背景下过度相信违法者的倾向，在英格兰和威尔士，75%的儿童被杀的案件估计涉及欺骗。

This project will develop a model that integrates many aspects of thought in order to explain why people tend to believe that SMS scams are authentic and, in turn, develop a theory-based intervention to reduce the tendency to overbelieve. Because there are many different types of information that are used when making these decisions, and because of the many aspects of thought that come into play, exploring the process by experiments alone would be costly, time-consuming, and limited in terms of determining the mental representations/processes involved. To date, no theory of deception detection has integrated the many aspects of cognition such as attention, goal-planning, and long term memory, all of which are required to decide whether an SMS message is genuine or deceptive. By relying on a well-established and tested theory, the computational model can explore these issues in a cost-effective and relatively time-efficient manner. This project is innovative insofar as it will be the first domain-general model of deception detection.Work package 1 will develop a domain-general computational model in the context of SMS deception detection. The ACT-R cognitive architecture has been extensively tested and developed for over 40 years. It is a theory of the key structures and processes of the human mind that integrates the many aspects of cognition. This project will use the ACT-R framework to implement a computational model of deception detection. The model will be explored to test how people act when (i) their attention is drawn to factors such as an urgent response being required, (ii) the content of the message and the general suspiciousness of the individual are varied, and (iii) an intervention is implemented, such as giving the option to delay responding to an SMS. These factors will be tested with the ACT-R framework in work package 1.Work package 2 will explore the ACT-R model with experimental testing. These studies will mix laboratory control with real-world application. Participants will interact with a mobile phone while their eye movements are recorded. Eye movement data provides precise timing on what information they are drawn to in the SMS scam and the decision of whether reply or delete the text. This precise timing information allows the project to test the predictions of the ACT-R deception detection model.Work package 3 will develop an intervention based on the results of work packages 1 and 2. Consulting with North Yorkshire police and an SMS scam-prevention organisation (The AntiSocial Engineer Ltd.), and in collaboration with a computer scientist, a cell phone-based application will be developed. Although the exact nature of the application will depend on the findings of the first two work packages, based on the current theories in deception detection it is anticipated that the application may scan for key words, encourage users to verify information by searching online, or allow users to press an 'unsure' button, which will hide the SMS message until they can give time to checking the authenticity of the text.This project aligns with the ESRC research priorities of 'ways of being in a digital age' and 'productivity'. Police forces have limited resources to investigate personal SMS scams, while scam-prevention organisations are noting that SMS attacks are on the rise. The outcome of this project - a smartphone application - aims to encourage users to consider the possibility of a scam and to act with a 'healthy scepticism' in the digital world. A reduced risk of engaging with scams will lessen the burden on police forces and aid scam-prevention organisations in delivering evidence-based interventions to potential victims.We will also work with a local child safeguarding board to translate the model into understanding the tendency to overbelieve offenders in the context of social work, where deception is estimated to be involved in 75% of cases in England & Wales where a child is killed.