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"Criminals incapable of reform?" Re-assessing the population of Cockatoo Island Prison (Sydney), 1839-69

“罪犯没有改过自新的能力吗？”

基本信息

批准号：
ES/S01148X/1
负责人：
Katherine Roscoe
金额：
$ 11.04万
依托单位：
University of Liverpool
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Fellowship
财政年份：
2018
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2018 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FS01148X%2F1
关键词：
Criminals incapable reform Re assessing

项目摘要

Significant attention has been paid to the more than 160,000 British and Irish convicts who were transported Australia as colonists between 1787 and 1868. Much less has been said about those punished within the criminal justice system that arose in the wake of New South Wales' transition from 'penal' to 'free' colony (Finnane, 1997: x-xi). Cockatoo Island prison opened in 1839, a year before convict transportation to New South Wales ceased, and was intended to punish the most recidivist and violent of the transported convicts. This archetype has prevailed in historical discourses, and they have been described as 'criminal lunatics... [and] criminals incapable of reform' (Parker, 1977: 61); 'the most desperate and abandoned characters' (O'Carrigan, 1994: 64); and people of 'doubtful character' (NSW Government Architect's Office, 2009: 29). Yet, this was far from the truth. My analysis of 1666 prisoners arriving between 1839-52 show they were overwhelming non-violent offenders, tried for minor property crimes at lower courts. They were also far more diverse population than commonly recognised, including Indigenous Australian, Chinese and black convicts alongside majority British and Irish men (Harman, 2012).This project will make publicly availably extremely detailed records relating to Cockatoo Island's prisoners to show people firsthand exactly who made up the inmate population. The digital version of the original registers will include information on convicts' criminal record, but also their job, whether they were married or had children, and even what they looked like. It will also be a name-searchable database so family historians can search for their ancestors, who may have been incarcerated on the island. As it stands, they will be able find information online about ancestors who were transported as long as they remained in the 'convict system', but they may seem to disappear as soon as they are awarded their ticket-of-leave and become 'free'. However, many former convicts, and free immigrants, to New South Wales were convicted locally, and these records can give us information about their lives within the colony. The type of data included in these registers will also allow researchers to investigate questions including:(1) were convicts more likely to offend again than free immigrants? (2) Were the children of convicts more likely to offend than others? (3) Did the influx of mostly Chinese migrants during the gold rush actually lead to a crime-wave, as reported in the press?(4) Were laws introduced between 1830 and 1853, actually effective at prosecuting bushrangers (highwaymen)? (5) Was the criminal-judicial system in Australia more rehabilitative, despite developing out of a harsher convict transportation system?Alongside the dataset, the website will include 'life-biographies' of individual convicts to show you how this dataset can be used to piece together a life-story. It also to warns against understanding a real-life person only through the records of their conviction. There many of fascinating stories to tell, including those 'John Perry' ('Black Perry') the prizewinning boxer; the love story of the 'Two Fredericks'; and Tan, the Chinese gold-digger who resisted his incarceration. In addition, there will be teaching resources for secondary school children and undergraduate university students who want to engage directly with historical materials, without having to leave their classroom.Overall, this website invites anyone with an interest in the history of crime and punishment, and any visitors to the UNESCO world heritage site 'Cockatoo Island', to try searching for a name in the database or read about a featured convict's life story. It asks them, though, to think about how and why these people's lives intersected with the state, leading to their incarceration, and how history has erased much of their lives outside of it.

1787年至1868年间，超过16万名英国和爱尔兰囚犯作为殖民者被运往澳大利亚。至于在新南威尔士从“刑罚”殖民地向“自由”殖民地过渡之后出现的刑事司法系统中受到惩罚的人，则更是只字未提（Finnane，1997：x-xi）。凤头鹦鹉岛监狱于1839年开放，一年后，新南威尔士州的罪犯运输停止，并打算惩罚最累犯和最暴力的囚犯。这种原型在历史话语中占了上风，他们被描述为“犯罪的疯子”。[and]“无法改革的罪犯”（帕克，1977：61）;“最绝望和被遗弃的人物”（O 'Carrigan，1994：64）;以及“可疑人物”（新南威尔士州政府建筑师办公室，2009：29）。然而，事实远非如此。我对1839年至1852年之间抵达的1666名囚犯的分析表明，他们绝大多数是非暴力罪犯，在下级法院因轻微的财产犯罪而受审。他们的人口也远比通常认为的要多样化，包括土著澳大利亚人，中国人和黑人囚犯以及大多数英国人和爱尔兰人（Harman，2012）。这个项目将公开提供与鹦鹉岛囚犯有关的非常详细的记录，以向人们展示第一手资料，确切地说是谁构成了囚犯人口。原始登记册的数字版本将包括罪犯的犯罪记录，以及他们的工作，他们是否结婚或有孩子，甚至他们的长相。它也将是一个可搜索姓名的数据库，以便家庭历史学家可以搜索他们的祖先，他们可能被监禁在岛上。就目前而言，他们将能够在网上找到有关祖先的信息，只要他们留在“罪犯系统”中，他们就被运送，但一旦他们被授予休假证并成为“自由人”，他们似乎就消失了。然而，许多前罪犯，和自由移民，到新南威尔士州被定罪的地方，这些记录可以给我们关于他们的生活在殖民地的信息。这些登记册中包含的数据类型也将使研究人员能够调查以下问题：（1）罪犯是否比自由移民更有可能再次犯罪？(2)罪犯的孩子是否比其他人更容易犯罪？(3)在淘金热期间，大部分中国移民的涌入真的像媒体报道的那样导致了犯罪浪潮吗？(4)1830年至1853年之间出台的法律是否对起诉拦路抢劫者有效？(5)澳大利亚的刑事司法系统是不是更具有改造性，尽管它是从一个更严厉的罪犯运输系统发展而来的？除了数据集，该网站还将包括个别罪犯的“生活传记”，向您展示如何使用此数据集来拼凑生活故事。它还警告说，不要仅仅通过定罪记录来了解现实生活中的人。这里有许多引人入胜的故事，包括获奖拳击手“约翰佩里”（“黑佩里”）;“两个弗雷德里克”的爱情故事;以及中国淘金者谭恩美抵制监禁。此外，还将为中学生和本科生提供教学资源，他们希望直接接触历史资料，而不必离开教室。总的来说，这个网站邀请任何对犯罪和惩罚历史感兴趣的人，以及任何参观联合国教科文组织世界遗产“凤头鹦鹉岛”的人，尝试在数据库中搜索一个名字，或者阅读一个有特色的罪犯的生活故事。然而，它要求他们思考这些人的生活是如何以及为什么与国家发生冲突的，导致他们被监禁，以及历史是如何抹去他们在国家之外的大部分生活的。