The Japanese scientist in Japan and in the world: de-centering the history of science

科学，就其所产生的知识的本质而言，声称具有普遍性，但其目前的形式起源于欧洲，并且在随后的大部分历史中，它一直由欧洲和美国的参与者主导。这些参与者——科学家——通过在一系列不同的圈子里的活动，在他们自己的国家学会中发展了自己的地位：在紧密聚集的专家社区中共同研究，作为知识分子参与公共领域，与更广泛的受众交流，以及形成跨国知识交流网络。这些相互联系的活动和社区是建立科学家作为具有地位和合法性的公共权威类别的关键。本项目旨在以日本为例，探讨地理和文化上远离19世纪和20世纪科学活动中心的参与者进入和参与现代科学的历史。这不仅将扩大我们对日本历史的了解，也将有助于扩大我们对科学史作为一个更全面的全球现象的理解，揭示和重新评估现代科学西方起源的一些可能被低估的后果。该项目将考虑以下问题：1)“科学家”这一类别在日本是如何发展的？日本科学家是如何在社会和公共领域确立自己的地位的？他们的工作在与大众交流以证实其职业的重要性方面有多重要？日本科学家是如何处理他们作为国家人物和作为跨国努力的参与者之间的关系的？2)东亚科学家是如何进入跨国科学工作网络的？他们在传播他们所生产的知识时遇到了哪些困难？他们是如何克服这些困难的？他们是如何获得传统科学权威机构的认可的？非西方科学家的加入对西方主流科学有什么好处？拨款申请的主要目的是资助为未来研究设定议程的活动，建立网络和合作，以扩大项目的范围和范围（包括学术界内外），并为项目的长期未来确定和发展资助机会。该基金寻求资助的活动清单如下：2019年4月-首席研究员和联合研究员访问日本的国际联合研究员-讨论未来合作-为期1天的“日本科学家：从学舍到学舍及其他地方”研讨会，来自日本和亚洲的10名参与者，重点关注项目的第一个主题：国家背景下的日本科学家。-与博物馆馆长会面，为未来的影响和参与建立战略合作伙伴关系2019年7月-国际合作调查员访问英国卡迪夫。-进一步规划后续资助申请-为期1天的“世界上的日本科学家”研讨会，来自英国/欧洲（和美国）的10名参与者，重点讨论项目的第二个主题：日本科学家参与更广泛的跨国科学实践社区的经验- PI， Co-I和Int Co-I参加在乌得勒支举行的科学社会史会议，并召集小组讨论“日本科学家：“其他”-与大和英日基金会会面，为未来的参与/影响工作建立战略伙伴关系-开发一个网站来容纳项目的材料，包括研讨会的产出，参与工作和专门为网站开发的其他材料。- 2019年秋季，PI和Co-I将在公共科学会议上召集小组讨论“日本科学家作为公共知识分子，在日本和世界”。

Science, by the very nature of the knowledge it produces, makes claims to universality, yet its current form emerged from European origins and for much of its subsequent history it has been dominated by European and American participants. Those participants - scientists - developed their place within their own national societies by activity in a range of different circles: researching together within closely drawn communities of specialists, participating in the public sphere as intellectuals communicating to a wider audience, and forming transnational networks of knowledge exchange. These interconnecting activities and communities were key to the establishment of the scientist as a category of public authority with status and legitimacy.This project aims to explore the history of entry to and participation in modern science by participants geographically and culturally removed from the centre of 19th and 20th century scientific activity, using Japan as a case study. This will not only expand our knowledge of Japanese history, it will also help to expand our understanding of the history of science as a more fully global phenomenon, revealing and reassessing some of the perhaps under appreciated consequences of modern science's Western origins. The project will consider questions such as: 1) How did the category of 'scientist' develop in Japan? How did Japanese scientists establish a position for themselves in their society and public sphere? How important was their work in communicating to popular audiences for validating the significance of their profession? How did Japanese scientists negotiate the relationship between their positions as national figures and as participants in transnational endeavours?2) How did East Asian scientists gain entry to the transnational networks of scientific work? What struggles did they face in disseminating the knowledge they were producing and how did they overcome them? How did they gain recognition from the traditional institutions of scientific prestige and authority? What gains were there for the Western mainstream of science from the greater inclusion of non-Western scientists?The broad aim of the grant application is to fund activities that will set agendas for future research, build networks and collaborations to spread the project's reach and scope (both within and beyond academia) and identify and develop funding opportunities for the long term future of the project. The list of activities that the grant seeks to fund is:April 2019 - Principal Investigator and Co-Investigator to visit International Co-Investigator in Japan - discussions about future collaboration- 1 day workshop on "The Japanese Scientist: from Gakusha to Rigakusha and beyond", 10 participants from Japan and Asia, focusing on the first theme of the project: Japanese scientists in a national setting.- meetings with museum curators to build strategic partnerships for future impact and engagementJuly 2019 - International Co-Investigator to visit Cardiff, UK. - further planning for follow-on funding applications - 1 day workshop on "The Japanese Scientist in the World", 10 participants drawn from UK/Europe (& USA), focusing on the second theme of the project: Japanese scientists' experiences engaging in the wider transnational scientific communities of practice- PI, Co-I and Int Co-I to attend History of Science Society conference in Utrecht and convene panel on "The Japanese scientist: decentering the history of science"Other- meeting with Daiwa Anglo-Japanese Foundation to establish a strategic partnership for future engagement/impact work- development of a website to host material from the project, including outputs from the workshops, engagement work and other material specifically developed for the website. - Autumn 2019, PI & Co-I to convene panel at Science in Public conference on "The Japanese scientist as public intellectual, in Japan and in the World".