ANATOMY OF THE PRIMATE VISUAL SYSTEM

为了更好地理解视觉关联皮层在感知中的作用 和记忆，我们已经检查了组成这个皮层的功能区域， 并通过使用 神经解剖示踪技术结合生理 记录神经解剖追踪技术， 神经活动的生理记录。 我们的研究结果表明， 多个独立的视觉区域位于纹状皮质（VI）之外， 信息处理的流程。 这些区域分为两个 发散的皮质通路，每个通路都有VI作为其初始信号的来源， 输入. 第一条是枕颞通路， 对象，而另一个，枕顶通路，介导 欣赏物体之间的空间关系以及视觉 运动的指导。 枕颞径路沿着区（V1，V2， V3、V4和下颞叶皮层的TEO和TE）似乎是 组织为一个串行层次结构，其中每个区域处理两种颜色 和形式。 相比之下，沿枕顶径路的沿着区域（V1， MT和MT在顶叶皮层的投射区）处理的方向， 刺激运动 因为这条通路的一个主要组成部分 在上级颞沟的前部， 潜在的视觉空间功能可能比以前更广泛 想的 来自脑血流研究的数据表明， 人类和猴子一样，有两种不同的视觉处理途径，尽管 它们的解剖位置可能存在跨物种差异。 到 建立枕颞和枕顶的联系 与运动系统的途径，我们已经探索了视觉的投射 连接皮层到纹状体。 这些预测的目标是 尾状核和腹侧壳核的尾部依次突出 黑质、网状部（SNr）和苍白球 （GP）。 由于已知的SNr和GP输入到辅助信号， 运动和前运动皮层通过丘脑，纹状体可能是一个链接， 视觉系统对行为的影响。

To better understand the role of visual association cortex in perception and memory, we have examined the functional areas that comprise this cortex in the macaque and explored their interconnections by the use of neuroanatomical tracing techniques in combination with physiological recording of neuroanatomical tracing techniques in combination with physiological recording of neural activity. Our results indicate that a multiplicity of separate visual areas lie beyond the striate cortex (VI) in the stream of information processing. These areas are organized into two divergent cortical pathways, each having VI as the source of its initial input. One, an occipitotemporal pathway, enables the recognition of objects, while the other, an occipitoparietal pathway, mediates the appreciation of spatial relationships among objects as well as the visual quidance of movement. The areas along he occipitotemporal pathway (VI, V2, V3, v4, and TEO and TE of the inferior temporal cortex) appear to be organized as a serial hierarchy, in which each area processes both color and form. By contrast, the areas along the occipitoparietal pathway (V1, MT, and MT's projection zones in parietal cortex) process the direction of stimulus motion. Because a major component of this pathway extends anteriorly within the superior temporal sulcus, the neural mechanisms underlying visuospatial function may be more extensive than previously thought. Data from cerebral blood flow studies indicate the existence in humans, as in monkeys, of two distinct visual processing pathways, although there may be cross-species differences in their anatomical locations. To establish the links of both the occipitotemporal and occipitoparietal pathways with the motor system, we have explored the projections of visual association cortex to the striatum. The targets of these projections are the tail of the caudate nucleus and ventral putamen, which project in turn to the substantia nigra, pars reticulata (SNr) and the globus pallidus (GP). Because of the known inputs of the SNr and GP to the supplementary motor and premotor cortex via the thalamus, the striatum could be a link by which the visual system influences behavior.