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Manchester, The Centripetal City: The Lessons Of Property-Led Regeneration For Core Cities And Their Proximal Towns In The Northern Powerhouse

曼彻斯特，向心城市：北部经济增长区核心城市及其邻近城镇以房地产为主导的复兴的经验教训

基本信息

批准号：
ES/V002597/1
负责人：
Adam Leaver
金额：
$ 58.36万
依托单位：
University of Sheffield
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2020
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2020 至无数据
项目状态：
未结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FV002597%2F1
关键词：
Manchester Centripetal City Lessons Property

项目摘要

The sight of skyscrapers on Manchester's skyline contrasts with the boarded-up shops of towns nearby. This raises questions about the ability of Manchester's city-regional model to create inclusive, accountable, sustainable growth and thus its suitability as a blueprint for urban regeneration within the Northern Powerhouse area.This project will investigate whether the ideas which underpin the Manchester model of regional development and the Northern Powerhouse actually work. Those ideas claim that the growth of flat building in city centres creates 'agglomeration' benefits - that is, that a growing concentration of skilled people, finance and technology in the same city creates productivity improvements which spill out into surrounding areas. We will do this through an in-depth financial and spatial analysis of investment in Manchester's 'Build To Rent' (BTR) sector - a special property class common in Manchester that is built specifically for renters.We will consider whether Manchester's 'property-led regeneration' model of attracting private investment into BTR to boost growth might in fact have the opposite effect. Competition for land may push up rents and create opportunities for financial extraction for large global companies, taking money away from local economies. It may also encourage speculation which encourages companies to take on more debt, introducing new risks in a market downturn. It may also add to the costs of infrastructure development, creating inefficiencies. And it may pull in investment, technology and skills from surrounding towns into central areas in ways that harm those towns. We refer to these problems as problems of the 'centripetal city'. This metaphor is designed to capture the vortex-like motion whereby skills and other resources are pulled to the centre of Manchester, the benefits of which are funnelled to global investors. This contrasts with the 'centrifugal' metaphor that underpins property-led, agglomerative regeneration strategies - that productivity gains in the city centre are thrown out into the regions. In terms of methods, we bring together expertise in accounting and economic geography to investigate the financial and spatial relations and outcomes of BTR construction, from the way it is marketed, to the way it is constructed to its financial and spatial effects. Our project will be broken down into four themes. Our first theme will examine how Manchester sells itself as a city and its BTR property assets to global investors, because the visions and commitments set out in those deals shapes the process of urban regeneration in Greater Manchester. We will also examine the role of the Greater Manchester Combined Authority (GMCA) in the marketing of those assets. Our second theme will use detailed accounting analysis to examine how those assets are constructed, which companies are involved in their construction and the way money flows through those organisations. This will tell us about the extent of extraction in BTR. It will also tell us about the balance of on- and off-shore companies in this sector, thus providing a transparency and accountability aspect. We will also examine how financially stable BTR companies and their housing assets are, providing an economic sustainability lens for our BTR research. Our third theme will examine the effects of Manchester's regeneration model at different spatial scales. This will draw out whether centrifugal or centripetal forces (or some combination of the two) are at work in Greater Manchester. We will use a variety of socio-economic indicators (business mortality rate, shop footfall, inward migration etc) to examine the presence or otherwise of centripetal forces. Our fourth theme is our impact theme. This theme will draw on our findings to develop engagement strategies which aim to build civil society resistance to extractive forms of development which undermine inclusive, accountable and sustainable development.

曼彻斯特天际线上的摩天大楼与附近城镇用木板封起来的商店形成鲜明对比。这就对曼彻斯特的城市-区域模式是否能够创造包容性、负责任、可持续的增长提出了质疑，因此也就质疑了它是否适合作为北方动力中心地区城市复兴的蓝图。本项目将调查支撑曼彻斯特区域发展模式和北方动力中心的理念是否切实可行。这些观点声称，城市中心公寓建筑的增长创造了“聚集”效益--也就是说，技术人员、金融和技术越来越集中在同一个城市，从而提高了生产率，并向周边地区扩散。我们将通过对曼彻斯特“为租而建”（BTR）行业投资的深入金融和空间分析来实现这一目标。BTR是曼彻斯特常见的一种特殊房地产类别，专门为租房者建造。我们将考虑曼彻斯特吸引私人投资进入BTR以促进增长的“房地产主导的再生”模式是否实际上会产生相反的效果。对土地的竞争可能会推高租金，并为大型全球公司创造金融榨取的机会，从而从当地经济中抽走资金。它还可能鼓励投机，鼓励公司承担更多债务，在市场低迷时带来新的风险。它还可能增加基础设施发展的成本，造成效率低下。而且它可能会将周边城镇的投资、技术和技能吸引到中心地区，从而损害这些城镇。我们把这些问题称为“向心城市”的问题。这个比喻旨在捕捉漩涡般的运动，技能和其他资源被吸引到曼彻斯特市中心，其好处被输送给全球投资者。这与“离心”隐喻形成了鲜明对比，后者是以房地产为主导的聚集性再生战略的基础--即市中心的生产率增长被抛到了各地区。在方法方面，我们汇集了会计和经济地理学方面的专业知识，以调查BTR建设的财务和空间关系以及结果，从营销方式到构建方式，再到其财务和空间影响。我们的项目将分为四个主题。我们的第一个主题将探讨曼彻斯特如何将自己作为一个城市及其BTR房地产资产出售给全球投资者，因为这些交易中所阐述的愿景和承诺塑造了大曼彻斯特的城市再生进程。我们还将研究大曼彻斯特联合管理局（GMCA）在这些资产营销中的作用。我们的第二个主题将使用详细的会计分析来研究这些资产是如何构建的，哪些公司参与了它们的构建以及资金在这些组织中的流动方式。这将告诉我们BTR中提取的程度。它还将告诉我们这个部门的境内和境外公司的平衡，从而提供透明度和问责制。我们还将研究BTR公司及其住房资产的财务稳定性，为我们的BTR研究提供经济可持续性透镜。我们的第三个主题将研究曼彻斯特的再生模式在不同的空间尺度的影响。这将揭示大曼彻斯特是离心力还是向心力（或两者的某种组合）在起作用。我们将使用各种社会经济指标（商业死亡率，商店客流量，向内移民等）来检查向心力的存在与否。第四个主题是影响力主题。这一主题将借鉴我们的研究结果，制定参与战略，旨在建立民间社会对破坏包容性、负责任和可持续发展的采掘式发展的抵制。