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Cancellation of citizenship and national security: a comparison between France and the UK

取消公民身份与国家安全：法国和英国的比较

基本信息

批准号：
ES/V009842/1
负责人：
Rachel Pougnet
金额：
$ 13.81万
依托单位：
University of Bristol
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Fellowship
财政年份：
2020
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2020 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FV009842%2F1
关键词：
Cancellation citizenship national security comparison

项目摘要

In 2019 Shamima Begum, a UK-born citizen of Bangladeshi heritage who fled to Syria to participate in Jihad, was stripped of her citizenship. Soon after the UK cancelled her citizenship, Bangladesh issued a statement saying that she did not have Bangladeshi nationality and would not be allowed into Bangladesh. Begum is thus left de facto stateless, unable to return to the UK or to ask for diplomatic protection, and must conduct her appeal from the Al-Roj refugee camp in Syria where she currently resides. Although a high-profile case, Begum's is not unique. It is a pivotal moment to examine the issue of citizenship deprivation, with my doctoral thesis focusing on the key contexts of France and the UK. States are rolling back on their citizenship rights by expanding or proposing to expand citizenship deprivation on grounds of national security. The Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion (ISI) is calling 2020 the "year of action" on withdrawal of nationality. While citizenship deprivation is not a new measure and has been part of legal frameworks since at least the aftermath of the First World War, from 2014 France and the UK have drastically expanded the scope of their powers. The UK is a leading player in the practice, as it became possible in 2014 to make citizens stateless if they are naturalised citizens. For birthright citizens, more recent cases show that the UK government opted for de facto statelessness, where individuals are potentially legally entitled to acquire another citizenship, but are, in fact, left in the limbo of statelessness. In 2017, the UK issued 104 cancellation of citizenship orders. In France, there are, so far, only 14 reported cases since 2001, but citizenship deprivation was amongst the government measures introduced in response to the terrorist attacks in Paris (13th November 2015) which killed 130 individuals and injured another 413. Once reserved to naturalised citizens, multiple nationality holders, the powers of citizenship deprivation were to be expanded to birthright citizens, even if this would leave individuals at risk of statelessness. Eventually these proposals fell through following intense political debate, but recent calls have purported to emulate a similar model to that of the UK, and to extend the measure to the children of deprived subjects. The present upward trend in the use of citizenship deprivation as a counter-terrorism measure has serious implications for rights and has weakened citizenship both as a protected legal status and as a claim to equal rights. Different kinds of citizens, such as birthright and naturalised citizens, single and multiple nationality holders, are treated differently for the purposes of citizenship deprivation, and statelessness is considered a legitimate outcome to the protection of national security. My proposed plan for this fellowship period has been carefully crafted, produced in close consultation with dedicated support of the University of Bristol's Law school, the applicant's mentor and the European Network on Statelessness (ENS). During this one-year postdoctoral fellowship, I will produce publications in order to establish my track record, build networks to develop impact opportunities through consulting for the ENS and contributing to the ISI's year of action, and raise awareness around citizenship deprivation through engaging with a range of different audiences, including civil society organisations, key stakeholders and academics. I will also develop further limited postdoctoral research on emerging cases and practices of citizenship deprivation, as well as engage in further training in impact engagement and research management to improve my research and related skills. By promoting a shared and improved understanding of the nature of the complex issues linked to nationality laws, national security and statelessness, this project's collaboration and dissemination activities will offer invaluable assets to end the fate of the rightless.

2019年，逃往叙利亚参加圣战的孟加拉裔英国公民沙米玛·贝古姆被剥夺公民身份。在英国取消她的国籍后不久，孟加拉国发表声明称，她没有孟加拉国国籍，将不被允许进入孟加拉国。因此，贝古姆事实上是无国籍的，无法返回英国或请求外交保护，必须在她目前居住的叙利亚Al-Roj难民营进行上诉。尽管贝古姆是一个备受瞩目的案例，但它并不是独一无二的。现在是研究剥夺公民身份问题的关键时刻，我的博士论文关注的是法国和英国的关键背景。各国正在以国家安全为由扩大或提议扩大剥夺公民身份的权利，从而使其公民权利倒退。无国籍和包容问题研究所(ISI)将2020年称为撤销国籍问题的“行动年”。虽然剥夺公民身份并不是一项新措施，至少从第一次世界大战结束以来就一直是法律框架的一部分，但从2014年开始，法国和英国大幅扩大了权力范围。英国在这方面处于领先地位，因为在2014年，如果公民是入籍公民，就有可能使他们成为无国籍公民。对于出生权公民来说，最近的案例表明，英国政府选择了事实上的无国籍，在这种情况下，个人可能在法律上有权获得另一种公民身份，但实际上却处于无国籍的境地。2017年，英国发布了104项取消公民身份令。在法国，自2001年以来，到目前为止只有14起报告的案件，但剥夺公民身份是政府为应对巴黎恐怖袭击(2015年11月13日)而采取的措施之一，那次恐怖袭击造成130人死亡，413人受伤。一旦保留给入籍公民、多国籍持有者，剥夺公民身份的权力将扩大到出生权利公民，即使这会使个人面临无国籍的风险。在激烈的政治辩论之后，这些提议最终落空，但最近的呼吁声称要效仿英国的模式，并将这一措施扩大到贫困人口的子女。目前利用剥夺公民身份作为反恐措施的上升趋势对权利产生了严重影响，削弱了公民身份作为一种受保护的法律地位和作为平等权利的要求。不同类型的公民，如出生权公民和入籍公民、单一国籍和多国籍持有者，在剥夺公民身份方面受到不同对待，无国籍被认为是保护国家安全的合法结果。我提出的这一奖学金期间的计划是经过精心起草的，并在布里斯托尔大学法学院、申请人的导师和欧洲无国籍网络(ENS)的大力支持下制定出来的。在为期一年的博士后研究期间，我将出版出版物，以建立我的记录，建立网络，通过为ENS提供咨询并为三军情报局的行动年做出贡献，开发产生影响的机会，并通过与包括民间社会组织、关键利益攸关方和学者在内的一系列不同受众接触，提高对公民身份剥夺问题的认识。我还将进一步开展关于新出现的剥夺公民身份的案例和做法的有限博士后研究，并参与有关影响参与和研究管理的进一步培训，以改进我的研究和相关技能。通过促进对与国籍法、国家安全和无国籍有关的复杂问题的性质的共同和更好的了解，该项目的合作和传播活动将为结束无权者的命运提供宝贵的资产。