Maritime autonomous shipping: A UK-Taiwan joint cooperation in integrating the regulatory framework

海上自主航运：英国与台湾在整合监管框架方面的联合合作

• 批准号: ES/W000393/1
• 负责人: Chia-Hsun Chang
• 金额: $ 3.19万
• 依托单位: Liverpool John Moores University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2021 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FW000393%2F1
• 关键词: Maritime; autonomous; shipping; UK; Taiwan

International shipping is the life blood of the global economy as vessels carry more than 80% of world trade. The industry is regulated primarily by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) - a United Nations agency, which develops and maintains the framework of global maritime regulations related mainly to maritime safety and environmental protection.Much research has shown that human error contributes to 80-90% of shipping accidents directly or indirectly. In order to deal with the negative impacts from human error, Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) are an emerging solution and are attracting increasing attention in the maritime industry. MASS is defined by the IMO as "ships which, to a varying degree, can operate independently of human interaction". Apart from reducing human error, MASS also brings several advantages, such as enhancing safety and security, reducing operational costs, improving human resource management, and reducing pollution. There are a number of projects related to MASS design and development, in which Maritime Unmanned Navigation through Intelligence in Networks (MUNIN) is one of well-known EU project, which aims to develop an autonomous ship concept, by combining automated decision systems with remote control through a shore based station. In addition, Yara Birkeland, the world's first autonomous containership was delivered at the end of 2020. IMO is currently looking at the integration of autonomous ships in the regulatory framework on areas such as safety, collision regulations, training of seafarers and fishers, tonnage measurement and others. However, there are many challenges for the operations of autonomous ships, in which the issue of regulations development is one of the main challenges. Henrik Tunfors, Chair of the IMO MASS Working Group, stated that there will be no rules on MASS for at least ten years based on IMO process. These challenges can be barriers for the development of MASS and should be solved quickly. UK and Taiwan are at the frontend of relevant research, also on the regulatory aspect. Autonomous shipping is at the core of the UK Maritime 2050 strategy as "new technologies such as maritime autonomous systems can make the sector cleaner, safer and more efficient". In addition, the Maritime UK Autonomous Systems Regulatory Working Group (MASRWG) published the first code of practice to global industry-wide acclaim in November 2017. In Taiwan, the government also pays much attention to MASS and has enacted the so-called 'Unmanned Vehicles Technology Innovative Experimentation Act' in 2018 to encourage research and development, and the application of unmanned vehicle technology. This project aims at address this research topic by looking at the relevant international regulations, identifying gaps and proposes ways to remove the regulatory barriers. At the same time, we focus on fostering a strong collaboration between 4 UK and Taiwanese research institutions and also involving more stakeholders from both countries. To achieve the aim, this project will firstly establish an international network covering both the maritime industry and academia (in the UK and Taiwan) that focuses on the potential international regulations for autonomous shipping. Secondly, we will assess possible regulations for MASS through literature review of academic papers and the relevant legislation and expert opinion. Regulatory barriers will be identified and measure to remove them will be proposed. The results can provide useful insights for future research in this field and we also plan to inform decision-makers.

国际航运是全球经济的命脉，因为船舶承担了世界贸易的80%以上。该行业主要由国际海事组织（IMO）监管，该组织是联合国机构，负责制定和维护主要与海上安全和环境保护相关的全球海事法规框架。许多研究表明，人为错误直接或间接导致了80-90%的航运事故。为了应对人为错误的负面影响，海上自主水面舰艇（MASS）是一种新兴的解决方案，并在海事行业引起越来越多的关注。海事组织将MASS定义为“在不同程度上可以独立于人类互动而运行的船舶”。除了减少人为错误外，MASS还带来了几个优势，例如提高安全性和安全性，降低运营成本，改善人力资源管理和减少污染。有许多与MASS设计和开发相关的项目，其中通过网络智能的海上无人导航（MUNIN）是著名的欧盟项目之一，其目的是通过将自动决策系统与通过海岸站的远程控制相结合来开发自主船舶概念。此外，全球首艘自动驾驶集装箱船Yara Birkeland已于二零二零年底交付。海事组织目前正在考虑将自主船舶纳入安全、碰撞法规、海员和渔民培训、吨位测量等领域的监管框架。然而，自主船舶的运营面临着许多挑战，其中法规制定问题是主要挑战之一。国际海事组织MASS工作组主席Henrik Tunfors表示，根据国际海事组织的进程，至少在十年内不会有关于MASS的规则。这些挑战可能是MASS发展的障碍，应迅速解决。英国和台湾在相关研究方面走在前列，在监管方面也是如此。自主航运是英国海事2050战略的核心，因为“海上自主系统等新技术可以使该部门更清洁，更安全，更高效”。此外，英国海事自治系统监管工作组（MASRWG）于2017年11月发布了第一份业务守则，获得了全球行业的好评。在台湾，政府也非常重视MASS，并于2018年颁布了所谓的“无人驾驶汽车技术创新实验法”，以鼓励无人驾驶汽车技术的研发和应用。该项目旨在通过研究相关的国际法规，找出差距并提出消除监管障碍的方法来解决这一研究课题。与此同时，我们专注于促进4家英国和台湾研究机构之间的紧密合作，并让更多来自两国的利益相关者参与进来。为了实现这一目标，该项目将首先建立一个覆盖海运业和学术界（英国和台湾）的国际网络，重点关注自主航运的潜在国际法规。其次，我们将通过对学术论文和相关立法以及专家意见的文献审查，评估可能对MASS进行的监管。将查明监管障碍，并提出消除这些障碍的措施。这些结果可以为该领域的未来研究提供有用的见解，我们还计划为决策者提供信息。

项目成果

Evaluate the acceptance of autonomous ferries

评估自主渡轮的接受度

• 发表时间: 2022
• 作者: Lin, C.C.

Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS): Literature review, current regulations and regulatory challenges

海上自主水面船舶 (MASS)：文献综述、现行法规和监管挑战

• 发表时间: 2022
• 作者: Chang, C.