JPI MYBL EWG Caring Over the Lifecycle: the Roles of Families and Welfare States Today and Into the Future (WELLCARE)

过去几十年来，经济发展与人口变化并行，改变了家庭结构以及沿着整个生命周期提供和接受护理的方式。这一长期趋势最近受到新冠肺炎大流行的影响，特别是太多养老机构的悲惨死亡率，以及学校的普遍关闭。这些巨大的变化更清楚地表明，市场经济如何依赖非市场经济活动来提供一般福利和照顾受抚养的儿童和老人。与此同时，它突出表明了非正规护理经济与一般不平等的关系，并暴露了性别差距。我们的WELLCARE研究计划将调查福利国家，市场和家庭如何相互作用，以提供沿着生命周期的护理，因此，它如何影响福利和不平等在内部和代际水平。更具体地说，WELLCARE首先将在以下方面提供对护理经济的全面看法：-在整个生命周期沿着给予和接受的护理，包括对儿童、残疾人和受抚养老年人的护理。提供护理的不同资源分配机制（市场、政府和家庭）：第二，WELLCARE将通过以下方式更深入地了解造成护理经济作用的代内和代间不平等的根源：-探索和整合来自欧洲和加拿大现有抽样调查和相关微观数据集的信息，从财务角度以及提供和接受的非正式护理措施两方面对护理经济进行量化。在实证分析的基础上，开发动态微观模拟模型WELLCARE，模拟和预测未来由市场或政府正式提供的儿童和老年人护理措施以及由家庭非正式提供的护理措施。我们将联合收割机结合两种额外的方法，比较正式和非正式护理、收入和财富之间的相互作用在创造不平等方面的影响。WELLCARE模式的宏观模块将以国民转移账户核算框架为基础。这一方法全面衡量了资源如何通过市场、公共或私人转移在各代人之间跨年龄组转移，并与国民账户体系保持一致。该方法还测量家庭生产和消费，从而测量时间转移，以完成代际资源分配的情况。我们还将通过构建异质群体的NTA-NTTA估计值来偏离标准方法，以处理代内和代际再分配问题。此外，将开发一个关于英国的案例研究，以考虑个人的行为反应。更具体地说，将设计一个结构模型来探索劳动力供应和储蓄决策如何被正式护理的可用性所改变。WELLCARE将一个跨学科的研究人员小组的专业知识集中在所涉及的不同方法（在EUROMOD，动态微观模拟技术和国民转移账户之间开发），继续以前的共生/协同作用和WELTRASIM项目。WELLCARE的研究之间的协同作用将改善现有的知识的影响，福利国家转移不平等。该提案描绘了必要的管理结构，以促进该研究项目的发展，并确保其科学和社会影响，遵循明确的传播战略。协调员和项目经理将与指导委员会一起，与由外部利益攸关方（学术界、公共服务部门和第三支柱（慈善）机构）组成的咨询委员会互动，以利用和传播研究成果。

Economic development in parallel to demographic changes over the past decades have altered family structures and the way care is given and received along the lifecycle. This long-running trend has been recently affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, especially the tragic rates of mortality in too many institutional care settings for the elderly, and the widespread closures of schools. These dramatic changes make more evident how the market economy relies on non-market economic activities to provide welfare in general and care to dependent children and elders. At the same time, it has highlighted just how much the informal care economy relates to inequality in general and exposes the gender gap. Our WELLCARE research proposal will investigate how the welfare state, the market, and the family interact to provide care along the lifecycle and hence, how it affects welfare and inequality at both intra and intergenerational levels. More specifically, WELLCARE first will provide a comprehensive view of the care economy in the following dimensions:- Care given and received along the whole life cycle, including both care given to children, disabled and the dependent elderly.- The different resource allocation mechanisms available to provide care (market, government and family).Second, WELLCARE will provide more in-depth understanding of the sources of intra and intergenerational inequality accounting for the role of the care economy by:- Exploring and integrating information from existing sample survey and related microdata sets in Europe and Canada to produce a quantified view of the care economy both in financial terms and for measures of informal care provided and received.- Based on this empirical analysis, develop the dynamic microsimulation model WELLCARE to simulate and project into the future measures of care both to children and to the elderly provided formally by the market or the government and informally by the family.We will combine two additional methodologies to compare the interactions among formal and informal care, income and wealth in creating inequality.1. The macro module of the WELLCARE model will be based on the National Transfer Accounts (NTA) accounting framework. This method gives a comprehensive measure of how resources move across age groups by means of the market, public or private transfers among generations, aligned to System of National Accounts (SNA). The method also measures home production and consumption and hence time transfers (NTTA) to complete the picture of intergenerational resource allocations. We will also depart from the standard method by building NTA-NTTA estimates for heterogeneous groups in order to approach both intra and intergenerational redistribution issues.2. Additionally, a case study on the UK will be developed to consider the behavioral responses of individuals. More specifically a structural model will be designed to explore how the labor supply and saving decision are altered by the availability of formal care.WELLCARE puts together an interdisciplinary group of researcher's expertise in the different methodologies involved (developed between EUROMOD, dynamic microsimulation techniques and National Transfer Accounts), continuing the previous symbiosis/synergies and in the WELTRASIM project. The synergies between WELLCARE's researches will improve the existing knowledge on the impact of the welfare state transfers in inequality.This proposal delineates the necessary management structure to foster the development of this research project and ensure its scientific and societal impact, following a clear dissemination strategy. The coordinator and the Project manager, together with the Steering Committee, will interact with the Advisory Board composed of external stakeholders (academia, the public service, and third pillar (charity)institutions) to exploit and disseminate the research results.