NEURAL MECHANISMS COGNITIVE MEMORY AND HABIT FORMATION

神经机制认知记忆和习惯形成

• 批准号: 3921874
• 负责人: M MISHKIN
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 至
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/3921874
• 关键词: Macaca; amygdala; association learning; basal ganglia; brain mapping; cerebral cortex; cognition; electrophysiology; experimental brain lesion; frontal lobe /cortex; habits; hippocampus; histochemistry /cytochemistry; limbic system; memory; memory disorders; molecular psychobiology; neural information processing; neuroanatomy; neuropsychology; neurotransmitters; reinforcer; sensory discrimination; space perception; stereotaxic techniques; substantia innominata; temporal lobe /cortex; thalamic nuclei; thalamocortical tract; visual perception

Every sensory modality in the macaque is served by a series of cortical stations, each of which processes the sensory signal in turn. Signals in the later stations, located in the anterior temporo-insular cortex, can activate a circuit that runs through the limbic system to the modulatory neurochemical systems (e.g. cholinergic, noradrenergic, etc.) and back to the sensory cortical stations. We have proposed that as a result of the action of this circuit on neurochemical release in sensory cortex, some of the neurons whose signals have just represented the sensory stimulus become linked together in a cell assembly that serves as the stored representation of that stimulus. Recognition, say of an object, occurs when an assembly formed on a first presentation of the object is reactivated by its re-presentation on a second occasion. Also, once formed, that assembly can be linked to assemblies representing other stimuli and other events, such as a food reward or a location, thereby investing the recognized object with meaning. The linkage involved in object-reward association appears to be mediated mainly by a limbo-neurochemical circuit running through the amygdala, the medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, orbital frontal cortex, and the basal nucleus of Meynert. Similarly, the linkage involved in object-place association seems to be mediated mainly by a second, parallel limbo-neurochemical circuit running through the hippocampus, the anterior thalamic nuclei, cingulate cortex, and the medial septal and diagonal band nuclei. Each of these circuits has reciprocal connections with one pair or the other of the assemblies described above. Thus, if these circuits have been activated, the sight of the object on a second occasion can lead not only to its recognition but also to recall of both the food reward and the spatial location with which the object had been associated. Recognition and recall are two forms of cognitive memory, both of which can be distinguished from habit formation. The latter form of learning involves stimulus- response association specifically, and we have proposed that such learning depends largely on interactions between the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia.

猕猴中的每种感官方式都由一系列 皮质站，每个站点都处理感官信号 转动。 后来的站点的信号，位于前部 暂时性的皮层，可以激活通过 调节神经化学系统的边缘系统（例如 胆碱能，去甲肾上腺素等）并回到感觉皮质 车站。 我们提出，由于这一行动 在感觉皮层中神经化学释放的电路，其中一些 信号的神经元刚刚表示感觉刺激 在一个单元组件中链接在一起 存储的该刺激的表示。 认可，说 对象，当第一个介绍中形成一个组装时发生 该对象通过其重新呈现在第二个 场合。 另外，一旦形成，该组件可以链接到 代表其他刺激和其他事件的组件，例如 食物奖励或位置，从而投资公认的对象 有意义。 对象奖励关联涉及的联系 似乎主要由困境 - 神经化学电路介导 穿过杏仁核，内侧背丘脑核， 轨道额叶皮层和Meynert的基底核。 同样，对象位置关联中涉及的链接似乎 主要由第二个平行的环境神经化学介导 穿过海马的电路，前丘脑前 细胞核，扣带皮质以及内侧间隔和对角线带 核。 这些电路中的每一个都有与 上面描述的一对或另一对。 因此，如果 这些电路已被激活，在 第二次不仅可以导致其认可，而且可以 召回食物奖励和空间位置 该对象已关联。 认可和召回是两个 认知记忆的形式，这两种形式都可以区分 习惯形成。 后一种学习涉及刺激 - 响应协会特别，我们提出了这样的 学习在很大程度上取决于大脑之间的相互作用 皮质和基底神经节。