Servants on Grand Tour in Europe in the Eighteenth Century

18世纪欧洲豪华旅行中的仆人在整个18世纪，英国精英旅行者依靠他们的仆人的技能，如他们的语言知识，地理知识，以及商品和服务的价值，创造一个“英国”的旅行体验。这个项目，从我的博士研究中出现，将研究女仆，男仆，马车夫或其他英国或欧洲的私人仆人的角色，以恢复我们所知甚少的一群旅行者以及他们对大旅游成败的贡献。这些仆人旅行，不是为了自己的生意或娱乐，而是为了他们的精英雇主。案例研究的方法将重塑我们的主仆关系的概念。它将研究在旅行条件下主人和仆人被迫接近的情况，以及这告诉我们关于国家和社会身份的发展，阶级的概念化，以及十八世纪劳动力迁移的性质。本研究的目的有五个：1.分析十八世纪欧洲旅行文化中仆人的参与。纠正旅游学术的倾向，集中在精英，它将促进更广泛的历史理解旅游作为一种文化，社会和经济力量在十八世纪的欧洲。提供一个新的服务关系，强调家庭佣工的代理。为当前关于民族认同，阶级，流动性和劳动力，性别和英国-欧洲关系的学术和公共辩论做出贡献。探讨旅行与迁徙之间的流动性与关联性.为了确定18世纪英国的高级文化在多大程度上是建立在那些通常不被视为社会优雅参与者的人的世俗技能之上的。那些故意发展旅游专业知识以吸引雇主的仆人只在研究的边缘出现，作为导师或其他专业和有学问的同伴，再次进一步封闭了仆人在塑造英国旅游文化中的作用。研究旅行仆人的经历将把对精英和劳动阶级旅行的分析整合到一个单一的框架中，而这两种旅行往往是分开对待的。追溯他们的历史将使我们能够将文化和经济分析结合起来，将大巡游与下层社会的经济世界重新联系起来，并将精英、短暂的和文化的因素添加到劳工和移民的历史中，18世纪旅行的精英维度无需怀疑，就可以接受存在一个促进非精英的对应物。为了理解18世纪英国旅行的社会、文化、经济和政治维度，我们需要考虑那些每天围绕和支持精英旅行者的人，并访问新类型的源材料，以了解英国旅行和身份形成中的“地方”仆人，仆人可以被认为是18世纪特别移动的群体。该项目将利用不同的想法的流动性，物理，经济，社会，并对比这些概念的灵活性。这项研究将采用跨国历史和性别研究的方法，并将这些方法与劳工和移民研究的经济和社会人类学见解联合收割机结合起来。这项奖学金是我博士后研究长期发展的重要基石。到12个月结束时，我将能够开始我的项目深入工作，已经奠定了基础。这一基础工作包括通过不断增加的出版记录和在18世纪研究界建立专业网络，为我的研究概况建立一个方向。它还包括制定有先见之明和令人信服的资助建议，证明我的能力，以促进社会，文化和经济十八世纪的研究更广泛的领域。

Servants on Grand Tour in Europe in the Eighteenth CenturyThroughout the eighteenth century, elite British travellers relied on their servants' skills, such as their knowledge of languages, geography, and the value of goods and services, to create a 'British' travel experience. This project, which emerges from my PhD research, will examine the roles of maids, valets, coachmen, or other British or European personal servants, to recover a group of travellers we know little about and their contributions to the success or failure of a Grand Tour. These servants travelled, not for their own business or pleasure, but for that of their elite employers. A case study approach will reshape our concept of master-servant relationships. It will examine the enforced proximity of masters and servants under travel conditions and what this tells us about the development of national and social identities, conceptualisations of class, as well as the nature of labour migration in the eighteenth century.The aims of this research are fivefold:1. To analyse servants' participation in eighteenth-century European cultures of travel. Redressing travel scholarship's tendency to focus on elites, it will foster wider historical understanding of travel as a cultural, social and economic force in eighteenth-century Europe.2. To provide a fresh account of the service relationship that emphasises the agency of domestic servants.3. To contribute to current academic and public debates on national identities, class, mobility and labour, gender, and British-European relations.4. To investigate the fluidity and connectivity between travel and migration.5. To establish, how far British high culture in the eighteenth-century was built on mundane skills of people not commonly seen as refined participants in society.Servants who deliberately developed travel expertise to appeal to employers feature only on the margins of research, as tutors or otherwise specialised and learned companions, again, further occluding the role of servants in shaping British travel culture. Studying the experiences of travelling servants will bring together into a single frame the analysis of elite and labouring class travel that are often treated separately. Tracing their histories will allow us to combine cultural and economic analyses, to reconnect the Grand Tour with the economic world of the lower orders and to add the elite, transitory, and cultural to histories of labour and migration.The elite dimension of eighteenth-century travel does not need to be doubted to accept that there is a facilitating non-elite counterpart. To understand the social, cultural, economic, and political dimension of eighteenth-century British travel we need to consider those who surrounded and supported elite travellers daily, and access new types of source material in order to understand the 'place' servants held in British travel and identity formation.Servants can be considered a particularly mobile group in the eighteenth century. The project will make use of different ideas of mobility, physical, economic, social, and contrast these with the concept of domesticity. The study will incorporate approaches taken from transnational history and gender studies and combine these with the economic and socio-anthropological insights of labour and migration studies.This fellowship is an important steppingstone in the long-term development of my postdoctoral research. By the end of the 12-month period I will be able to start work on my project in depth having laid the groundwork already. This groundwork constitutes of establishing a direction for my research profile through an increasing publication track record and building a professional network within the eighteenth-century research community. It also includes developing prescient and compelling funding proposals that demonstrate my abilities to contribute to the wider field of social, cultural, and economic eighteenth-century studies.