Carbon Artifacts: a socio-material approach to low and net zero carbon building design from concept to handover

交付净零碳建筑是英国到2050年实现净零碳排放的法律义务的关键和紧迫组成部分(BEIS，2019a)。建筑业占英国碳排放量的10%，直接影响全国总排放量的47%(NFB，2019年)。虽然已经取得了重大的技术进步，但英国的建筑存量仍然是欧洲能源效率最低的国家之一，政府没有走上实现其脱碳目标的轨道(BEIS，2019年)。对这一“绩效差距”的研究大多集中在技术问题和解决方案(de Wilde，2014)或新的集成商角色的前景(Parag和Janda，2014)上，很少讨论挑战净零碳建筑交付的专业和组织问题。当前项目的组织结构对低碳和净零碳建筑的交付具有直接影响。建筑项目是临时组织，涉及多个学科、多个公司和多个阶段--每个阶段都有自己的团队和广泛的分包(Winch，1998)。组织边界决定了谁参与了设计问题和解决方案的规范，以及它们在项目团队和阶段之间的传递。它们还确定了谁对特定目标负责，谁不负责。当面临一项新的任务时，专业人员通常会将工作分包给一个专家团队，而他们对整个设计没有任何意识或责任。其结果是，在某个时刻开发的解决方案没有被完全理解，因为它们从一个阶段转移到另一个阶段，碳目标经常从议程上消失。拟议的研究通过检查六个新建和改造的商业建筑案例中碳减排设计解决方案的初始开发和持续修改来探索这些影响。商业建筑往往是定制的，这使得跨越组织边界的解决方案的制定和沟通变得更加关键。这项研究将在与涉及这六个案件的行业合作伙伴的对话中进行。将特别关注设计解决方案嵌入视觉表现和实物中的方式，这些设计方案随后被重新解释和修改。这种新方法产生的结果有望为净零碳建筑的发展、公司的组织和专业能力发展、专业培训和教育课程提供有针对性的指导。研究人员和参与六个项目的30多个行业合作伙伴将共同探索组织边界对交付低碳和净零碳建筑的影响，修改公司级别的协议并发展能力。此外，该项目将有助于为净零碳建设提供政策和专业指导，为高等教育和CPD培训提供案例研究教学，并为气候课程项目目前正在制定的建成环境课程的气候变化和去碳化教育管理框架作出贡献。通过专注于具有可持续发展意识的专业人员团队，他们有共同工作的历史，并公开承诺减少碳排放，这项研究还提供了一个机会，以获取、进一步发展和传播良好的做法。

Delivery of net-zero carbon buildings is a critical and urgent component of UK legal obligation to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050 (BEIS, 2019a). The construction sector represents 10% of UK carbon emissions and directly influences 47% of all national emissions (NFB, 2019). While there has been significant technical progress, the UK building stock remains one of the most energy inefficient in Europe and the Government is not on-track to meeting its decarbonisation goals (BEIS, 2019). Most research into this 'performance gap' focuses on either technical problems and solutions (De Wilde, 2014) or on the promise of new integrator roles (Parag and Janda, 2014), with little discussion of the professional and organisational issues that challenge the delivery of net zero carbon buildings.The current organisational structure of projects has direct implications for the delivery of low and net-zero-carbon buildings. Construction projects are temporary organisations, involving multiple disciplines, multiple firms and multiple phases - each with its own teams and extensive sub-contracting (Winch, 1998). Organisational boundaries shape who participates in the specification of design problems and solutions and their transmission across project teams and phases. They also establish who is accountable for particular targets and who is not. When faced with a new task, professionals often sub-contract work out to a team of specialists with no awareness or responsibility for the design as a whole. The result is that solutions developed at one moment in time are not fully understood, as they are passed from one phase to another and carbon targets often fall off the agenda.The proposed research explores these effects by examining the initial development and ongoing modification of carbon reduction design solutions in six cases of new and retrofit commercial buildings. Commercial buildings tend to be bespoke, making the formulation and communication of solutions across organisational boundaries all the more critical. The research will be developed in dialogue with industry partners involved in these six cases. Special attention will be paid to the way in which design solutions are embedded in visual representations and physical artifacts, which are subsequently re-interpreted and modified.Findings resulting from this novel approach promise to contribute targeted guidance for the development of net-zero carbon buildings, the organisational and professional capability development of firms, professional training and educational curriculum. Together researchers and upwards of 30 industry partners, involved in six projects, will explore the effect of organisational boundaries on the delivery of low and net zero carbon buildings, revise firm-level protocols and develop capacity. In addition, the project will contribute to policy and professional guidance for net-zero carbon building, to teaching case studies for use in HE and CPD training and to a climate change and de-carbonisation educational management framework for built environment curricula, currently under development by the Climate Curriculum Project. By focusing on teams of sustainable minded professionals with a history of working together and professed commitments to carbon reduction, the research also provides an opportunity to capture, further develop and diffuse good practice.