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Saving Our Sisters: The Politics of Anti-Trafficking and Sex Work in the Philippines

拯救我们的姐妹：菲律宾反人口贩卖和性工作的政治

基本信息

批准号：
ES/W007193/1
负责人：
Sharmila Parmanand
金额：
$ 13.45万
依托单位：
London School of Economics and Political Science
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Fellowship
财政年份：
2021
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2021 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FW007193%2F1
关键词：
Saving Our Sisters Politics Anti

项目摘要

Human trafficking is widely understood as a serious crime and a grave violation of human dignity. Trafficking, which is defined by the UN Trafficking Protocol (2000) as the "the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of people through force, fraud or deception, with the aim of exploiting them for profit", has become a popular framework through which many governments address prostitution. The dominant view within anti-trafficking circles is that prostitution is uniquely victimising compared to other precarious work, which has given rise to common interventions targeted at women who sell sex such as raids, rescue operations, and "rehabilitation programs". Millions of dollars are spent on anti-trafficking programmes such as these with the aim of protecting vulnerable individuals. However, these programs generally lack rigorous evaluation and are designed without the meaningful involvement of target populations.My proposed book manuscript is based on my PhD thesis, Saving Our Sisters: The Politics of Anti-Trafficking and Prostitution in the Philippines, in which I examine the Philippines as a case study for understanding how care and control are enacted in anti-trafficking policies on sex work. The Philippines is a global model for anti-trafficking. It was the first Asia-Pacific country to ratify the UN Trafficking Protocol and the only Southeast Asian country to receive the highest ranking in the US Trafficking in Persons Report, which makes it a key case study, especially as anti-trafficking is gaining traction in other Southeast Asian countries. Filipino feminists took advantage of the momentum from the UN Anti-Trafficking Protocol to redefine prostitution as sexual exploitation under national anti-trafficking legislation. My research is the first systematic inquiry into the relationship between anti-trafficking and sex work in the Philippines. It provides an original history of anti-trafficking 'from below' that unsettles the dominant portrayal of anti-trafficking laws as anunequivocal human rights victory.Using ethnographic research with street and bar-based sex workers as my primary source of data, my project shows how anti-trafficking has reproduced and worsened some inequalities. It demonstrates how raids, rescue operations, and rehabilitation heightened the precarity of sex workers by reducing their control over their working conditions, increasing the police's power over them, and making assistance conditional on their cooperation in the prosecution of clients and third parties. The emphasis on victimhood also legitimises violence against sex workers who did not provide a credible performance of innocence. I challenge dominant understanding of sex work as trafficking by providing an alternative reading of agency that is grounded in how sex workers took pride in using their resourcefulness and entrepreneurship to contest their displacement in the labour market and resist gendered low-paid and labour-intensive jobs such as sewing and domestic work. I also discuss how they challenged social scripts by citing their work as a moral project through which best fulfilled their roles as mothers by improving their children's lives. While there are extensive debates in academic and policy circles on whether treating all prostitution as trafficking addresses the economic coercion and male violence in prostitution or entrenches the sexual surveillance of women and anti-immigrant agendas, there is far less interrogation of how sex workers themselves engage with and experience anti-trafficking interventions. This data is hard to obtain both because of the illicit nature of sex work and the opaque character of anti-trafficking interventions, but is crucial in establishing whether anti-trafficking laws, policies, and practices ensure the safety and well-being of target populations and open up gender-equal futures.

人口贩运被广泛认为是一种严重罪行，是对人的尊严的严重侵犯。《联合国贩运人口议定书》(2000年)将人口贩运定义为“通过武力、欺诈或欺骗手段招募、运输、转移、窝藏或接收人，目的是剥削他们以牟利”，这已成为许多国家政府解决卖淫问题的一个流行框架。反人口贩卖圈内的主要观点是，与其他不稳定的工作相比，卖淫是唯一的受害者，这导致了针对卖淫妇女的常见干预措施，如突袭、救援行动和“康复计划”。数百万美元用于此类打击贩运方案，目的是保护弱势个人。然而，这些项目通常缺乏严格的评估，而且设计时没有目标人群的有意义的参与。我建议的书稿基于我的博士论文《拯救我们的姐妹：菲律宾反人口贩运和卖淫的政治》，在这篇论文中，我以菲律宾为案例研究，以了解性工作中的反人口贩运政策是如何实施关怀和控制的。菲律宾是全球反人口贩运的典范。它是第一个批准联合国人口贩运议定书的亚太国家，也是唯一在美国人口贩运报告中排名最高的东南亚国家，这使其成为一个关键的案例研究，特别是在反人口贩运在其他东南亚国家获得吸引力的情况下。菲律宾女权主义者利用联合国反人口贩运议定书的势头，根据国家反人口贩运立法将卖淫重新定义为性剥削。我的研究是菲律宾第一次对反人口贩运和性工作之间的关系进行系统的调查。它提供了一部反人口贩运的原始历史，这部历史颠覆了反人口贩运法律作为明确的人权胜利的主导描述。我的项目使用人种学研究，将街头和酒吧的性工作者作为我的主要数据来源，展示了反人口贩运如何复制和恶化了一些不平等。它展示了突袭、救援行动和康复如何通过减少性工作者对工作条件的控制、增加警方对他们的权力以及使援助以他们在起诉客户和第三方方面的合作为条件，加高性工作者的早发性。对受害者身份的强调也使对性工作者的暴力行为合法化，这些性工作者没有提供可信的无辜表现。我通过提供对中介的另一种解读，挑战了对性工作是贩卖人口的主流理解，这种解读的基础是性工作者如何自豪地利用自己的足智多谋和创业精神来抗争自己在劳动力市场上的替代地位，并抵制针线活和家政工作等带有性别色彩的低薪和劳动密集型工作。我还讨论了他们如何通过引用他们的工作作为道德项目来挑战社会剧本，通过这种项目，他们通过改善孩子的生活来最好地履行母亲的角色。尽管学术界和政策界对将所有卖淫视为贩卖人口的问题存在广泛的争论，是针对卖淫中的经济胁迫和男性暴力，还是巩固对女性的性监控和反移民议程，但对性工作者本身如何参与和经历反贩卖干预的审问要少得多。由于性工作的非法性质和打击人口贩运干预措施的不透明性质，这一数据很难获得，但对于确定打击人口贩运的法律、政策和做法是否确保目标人口的安全和福祉并开辟性别平等的未来至关重要。