Innovation and Complentary Capabilities for Vaccines

英国启动了大流行病防范伙伴关系，该伙伴关系将向七国集团主席国提供建议，如何通过更大的全球合作更快地开发疫苗。将投资1600万英镑用于支持新的变异特异性疫苗的开发。但是，如何才能最好地投资这些资金，以达到最大的影响？供应链中的主要能力瓶颈在哪里？或者更笼统地说：在哪里投资，以提高全球系统迅速应对这一危机和其他全球危机的能力？本研究项目通过调查COVID-19疫苗的最新经验，重点关注一组特定的公司，研究机构和具有独特能力水平和监管，文化和商业环境的国家-日本，英国，德国，印度，巴西，阿根廷，越南和印度尼西亚，有助于理解这些问题。特别是，我们研究了在公司和监管层面上，不同类型的能力之间的对齐和错位，这些能力对于将新疫苗推向市场至关重要。我们捕捉了三种能力：创新、制造和“互补性市场赋能”（即政治、监管以及管理临床试验和知识产权所需的能力），并研究了这些不同能力的互补性和共同进化，这些能力促成（或阻碍）了COVID-19疫苗的市场引入。我们采用跨学科和混合方法设计。虽然我们的主要重点是COVID-19疫苗，但我们的部分实证分析将超越这一特定领域，包括与其他疫苗以及与药品和药用化学品等密切相关的行业相关的证据。我们的方法结合了探索性的定量实证分析和定性评估，通过对选定公司以及国家和国际监管机构的关键利益相关者进行特定背景的有针对性的访谈。2019冠状病毒病大流行期间，政治（游说）活动空前增加，一些参与者拥有经验丰富且资金充足的代表，享有明显的准入优势。然而，具有足够能力开发或改造疫苗的公司和研究机构在采取相关政治和其他市场扶持战略的能力方面也具有异质性。我们的实证分析将捕捉这种异质性，并将其与生产和创新能力的研究联合收割机。通过这一方法，我们不仅将有助于理解当前的情况，而且还将确定主要的机遇、挑战和瓶颈，以便在应对全球卫生危机所需的不同类型的能力之间实现积极的共同发展。

The UK has launched the Pandemic Preparedness Partnership which will advise the G7 Presidency how to more quickly develop vaccines through greater global cooperation. £16 million will be invested to support the development of new variant-specific vaccines. But, how can these funds be best invested to reach maximum impact? Where are the main capability bottlenecks in the supply chain? Or more generally: where to invest to improve the capacity of the global system to respond quickly to this and other global crises?This research project contributes to understanding these questions by investigating the recent experience with COVID-19 vaccines, focusing on a specific group of firms, research institutions and countries with distinctive levels of capabilities and regulatory, cultural and business contexts - Japan, the UK, Germany, India, Brazil, Argentina, Vietnam, and Indonesia. In particular, we study the alignments and misalignments between the different kinds of capabilities, at the firm and regulatory level, that have been critical for introducing the new vaccines to the market. We capture three kinds of capabilities: innovation, manufacturing and "complementary market enabling" (i.e. political, regulatory, and those required to manage clinical trials and intellectual property rights), and examine the complementarities and co-evolution of these different capabilities that have enabled (or blocked) the market introduction of the COVID-19 vaccines. We adopt an interdisciplinary and mixed methods design. While our main focus is on COVID-19 vaccines, part of our empirical analysis will extend beyond this particular segment to include evidence related to other vaccines and to closely related sectors like pharmaceuticals and medicinal chemical products. Our approach combines exploratory quantitative empirical analysis and qualitative assessments through context-specific targeted interviews with key stakeholders in selected firms and national and international regulatory institutions.The COVID-19 pandemic saw an unprecedented increase in political (lobbying) activities, with some actors enjoying clear access advantages with experienced and well-funded representatives. However, firms and research institutions with sufficient capabilities to develop or adapt vaccines are also characterised by heterogeneity in the ability to undertake the linked political and other market-enabling strategies. Our empirical analysis will capture this heterogeneity and combine it with the study of production and innovation capabilities. With this approach, we will contribute not only to understanding the current scenario but also identify the main opportunities, challenges and bottlenecks for a positive co-evolution between the different types of capabilities required for addressing global health crises.