Market Economy and Conflict; Disjuncture between the Politics and Economics of Statebuilding in Afghanistan during 2001-2021

我的博士研究了市场经济中私营部门在制造业活动中投资的知识--以2001年后的阿富汗为例。与此同时，市场经济受到了政治不稳定的影响。研究结果是独一无二的，因为它们揭示了植根于社会结构(宗教和父权家庭)的机构的作用，在这些结构中，个人投资动机被认为已经形成。这些投资是否足以在像阿富汗这样的地方(2001-2018年)发展制造业，这是我的研究对市场主导发展的批判性研究的贡献。经过微小的修改，我于2021年7月完成了博士学位。该项目的经验证据是在2018年通过广泛的田野调查收集的初步数据收集的。研究工具包括半结构化访谈和实地访问。总共对51家制造企业进行了研究，我亲自走访了这些企业，观察了所有的生产过程和地点。研究的重点是制造业，因为阿富汗的经济一直以自给自足的农业和非法贸易为主。因此，制造业活动的增长可能是一种积极的转变，并将使研究期间在阿富汗实施的经济政策的结果得到缓解--这是我希望在我的研究中检验的。被调查的历史时期是在阿富汗采用市场经济作为美国领导的国际联盟国家机构(重建)的一部分。该政策促进私营部门进行生产性资源配置。这一方针在基本政策文件中得到重申，并载入阿富汗2001年后宪法第10条。从全球来看，阿富汗的市场导向政策是在1990年代更连贯地发展起来的新机构主义和新自由主义综合的背景下制定的，此后被世界银行采纳。我的概念框架主要是从头开始调整的，因为在研究阿富汗经济时，并没有考虑到类似的主题。这一框架强调早期的“社会化”，以查明个人为什么投资于制造业，以及他们的投资是否导致这一部门在阿富汗经济中发挥重要作用。研究结果表明：1)投资选择深深植根于具体的(非正式)制度，2)企业的内部组织复制了这些制度，特别是父权家庭中的等级制度，将不平等从一个社会领域传递到另一个社会领域，以及3)基于演绎代理，制造业在结构上仍然微不足道(即关于资源在经济中的分配方式)。也就是说，制造业在经济中扮演的角色仍然处于边缘地位。在我博士研究的基础上，我计划调查2002-2021年期间阿富汗国家建设的政治和经济，作为这两个领域之间的“脱节”案例。这项研究可以解释为什么国家没有应对外部支持的突然停止并在2021年8月崩溃的一些结构性原因。在阿富汗采取非政治化的以市场为导向的政策，同时又发生反政府叛乱--以及使阿富汗政治不稳定的其他原因--对政治经济学来说是一个奇怪的问题。令人感兴趣的是，尽管安全条件对市场自主性构成了挑战，但经济政策是否保持不变。这一专题在关于阿富汗的研究(2001-2021年)中没有得到认真的审查。对这一主题的调查将利用我的硕士和博士研究，旨在研究在阿富汗这样的地方(2001-2018年)以市场为导向的政策的局限性，尽管可以说在研究期间见证了前所未有的国际援助的流入。

My PhD investigated the knowledge shaping private sector investments in manufacturing activities in a market economy that, meanwhile, suffered from political instability - taking post-2001 Afghanistan as a case. The research findings are unique because they bring forth the role of institutions rooted in social structures (religion and patriarchal family) where the individual motivation to invest was seen to have taken shape. Whether these investments were sufficient to develop manufacturing sector in a place like Afghanistan (2001-2018) is where my research contributes to the critical study of market-led development. I completed my PhD in July 2021 after minor corrections. Empirical evidence for this project was gathered through primary data collection in an extensive fieldwork in 2018. Research tools consisted of semi-structured interviews and field visits. In total, 51 manufacturing enterprises were researched which I personally visited to take field notes, observing all the production processes and sites.Research focus on manufacturing was warranted because Afghanistan's economy has been dominated by subsistence farming and illicit trade. Hence, growth of manufacturing activities could be a positive transformation, and would throw into relief the outcome of the economic policy implemented in Afghanistan during the study period - what I wished to examine in my research. The historical period under investigation is when market economy was adopted in Afghanistan as part of The United States led international coalition state institution (re-)building. The policy promoted private sector for undertaking productive resource allocation. This approach was reiterated in foundational policy documents and enshrined in article 10 of Afghanistan's post-2001 constitution.Globally, market-oriented policy in Afghanistan came in the context of a neo-institutionalist and neoliberal synthesis that was developed more coherently in the 1990s, thereafter adopted by the World Bank. My conceptual framework was adapted mostly from scratch because Afghanistan's economy had not been studied with a similar topic in mind. This framework emphasized on early 'socialization' to find out why individuals invested in manufacturing and whether their investments led to a significant role for this sector in the economy of Afghanistan. The findings suggest that: 1) investment choices were deeply rooted in embodied (informal) institutions, 2) internal organization of enterprises reproduced these institutions, notably the hierarchy in the patriarchal family, transmitting the inequities from one social domain to another, and 3) manufacturing sector remained structurally insignificant (i.e., in regards to how resources were allocated in the economy) based on deductive proxies. That is, the role manufacturing sector played in the economy remained marginal.Building on my PhD research, I plan to investigate the politics and economics of state-building in Afghanistan during 2002-2021 as a case of 'disjuncture' between the two domains. This research could explain some of the structural reasons as to why the state did not cope with the abrupt ceasing of external support and collapsed in August, 2021. Adoption of depoliticized market-oriented policy in Afghanistan in parallel to an anti-government insurgency - among other reasons that made Afghanistan politically unstable - is a curious problem for political economy. It is interesting to examine whether despite the challenges to the autonomy of market by security conditions, the economic policy remained unchanged. This topic has not been critically examined in the research on Afghanistan (2001-2021). The investigation of this topic will draw on my master's and doctoral research, aiming to study the limitations of market-oriented policy in a place like Afghanistan (2001-2018) despite arguably witnessing the inflow of unprecedented international assistance during the study period.