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Tigers as kin: Reconceptualising wildlife conservation and development in indigenous/local contexts

老虎是亲人：在土著/当地背景下重新概念化野生动物保护和发展

基本信息

批准号：
MR/T042486/1
负责人：
Sahil Nijhawan
金额：
$ 96.49万
依托单位：
Zoological Society of London
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Fellowship
财政年份：
2021
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2021 至无数据
项目状态：
未结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=MR%2FT042486%2F1
关键词：
Tigers kin Reconceptualising wildlife conservation

项目摘要

Aims: In order to understand the position of indigenous peoples in the global ecological crisis, this project asks, 'how do local and indigenous societies maintain multispecies relations and biocultural conservation amidst externally driven change?'Importance: In the past 50 years, an increasing proportion of indigenous lands and cultures have come under pressure from the homogenising forces of market-based capitalism and one-size-fits-all conservation and development. Over the same period, 60% of all wildlife populations have been lost. This is not a coincidence. Although indigenous peoples represent <5% of the global population, indigenously managed land still constitutes about 40% of all ecologically intact landscapes across the Earth. In the era of Anthropocene, we need new frameworks and tools to understand how these diverse local/indigenous worlds, where nature and culture intertwine, will maintain biocultural conservation in the face of rapid socio-ecological change.Rationale: Conservation traces its history to West-centric ideologies that see nature as distinct and separate from humanity. It relies on natural science approaches that allow certain areas to be labelled 'natural', and thus worthy of conservation, while the remaining, where 'culture' lives, can then be 'developed'. Across numerous local/indigenous societies, where conservation operates, nature and culture are not seen as essentially separate. Enforcing externally conceived categories on diverse local human-nature relations had led to conflicts and failures that have continually undermined many present-day conservation programs. This widely relevant work proposes to re-conceptualise conservation research and practice as an interdisciplinary ethical collaboration. Moving beyond critiques, it pushes the current conservation paradigm in a new direction and shows how to meaningfully integrate natural and social sciences, indigenous and western knowledges, and science and ethics.Research context: This research is based in three ethnic homelands in the Northeast Indian border state of Arunachal Pradesh. There are plans to build nearly 200 mega-dams, highways and monoculture plantations in this once remote multi-ethnic region. Here, an entirely new tiger population was recently identified thriving outside conventional conservation mechanisms. This research, set within the context of the entry of global conservation NGOs, governments and developers, uses the case of the endangered tiger to explore larger questions around the role of local people in global conservation and development. Original multidisciplinary fieldwork will be conducted across these ethnic homelands in the region operating under comparable geopolitical conditions. In each, ecological tools (camera traps, remote sensing) and quantitative survey methods (questionnaires) to study wildlife will be integrated within multi-perspectivist ethnographic approaches to understand the changing nature of human-wildlife relations. Working from the ground up and with local people, this project will understand human-wildlife relations as they exist, on their own terms, destabilising earlier dichotomies. Data across the sites will be combined to understand what allows customary arrangements that support multispecies coexistence to adapt, resist or collapse under external pressures. In addition, this research will also investigate how these pressures (that emerge from, amongst others, free-market economy, policy implementation and climate change), act upon local practices.Impact: The project will produce 8 academic articles co-authored with local collaborators, a research framework published as a booklet, a cross-departmental interdisciplinary graduate course, 3 non-academic books in local languages (one from each site) on cultural stories of human-wildlife relations, regular articles in popular media, and white papers/policy briefs for UK government/institutions' on environmental policy at home and abroad.

目的：为了了解土著人民在全球生态危机中的地位，该项目提出了一个问题：“在外部驱动的变化中，当地和土著社会如何维持多物种关系和生物文化保护？”重要性：在过去的50年里，越来越多的土著土地和文化受到市场资本主义和一刀切的保护和发展的压力。在同一时期，60%的野生动物种群已经消失。这并非巧合。虽然土著人民占全球人口的不到5%，但土著管理的土地仍然占地球上所有生态完整景观的40%左右。在人类世（Anthropocene）时代，我们需要新的框架和工具来理解这些自然与文化交织在一起的多样化的地方/土著世界如何在面对快速的社会生态变化时保持生物文化保护。理由：自然保护的历史可以追溯到以西方为中心的意识形态，他们认为自然与人类是截然不同的。它依赖于自然科学的方法，允许某些区域被标记为“自然”，从而值得保护，而剩下的，“文化”存在的地方，然后可以被“开发”。在开展保护工作的许多地方/土著社会中，自然和文化并不被视为本质上是分开的。在当地不同的人与自然关系上强制执行外部构想的分类导致了冲突和失败，这些冲突和失败不断地破坏了许多当今的保护计划。这项广泛相关的工作建议将保护研究和实践重新定义为跨学科的伦理合作。它超越了批评，将当前的保护范式推向了一个新的方向，并展示了如何有意义地整合自然科学与社会科学、本土知识与西方知识、科学与伦理。计划在这个曾经偏远的多民族地区修建近200座大型水坝、高速公路和单一种植种植园。在这里，一个全新的老虎种群最近被发现在传统的保护机制之外茁壮成长。本研究以全球保护非政府组织、政府和开发商的参与为背景，以濒危老虎为例，探讨当地人在全球保护和发展中所扮演的角色。原始的多学科实地工作将在该地区在类似地缘政治条件下运作的这些民族家园进行。在每一项研究中，研究野生动物的生态工具（相机陷阱、遥感）和定量调查方法（问卷调查）将被整合到多视角民族志方法中，以了解人类与野生动物关系不断变化的本质。这个项目将与当地人一起从底层开始工作，以他们自己的方式了解人类与野生动物之间存在的关系，打破之前的二分法。这些地点的数据将被结合起来，以了解是什么让支持多物种共存的习惯安排在外部压力下适应、抵抗或崩溃。此外，本研究还将调查这些压力（其中包括来自自由市场经济、政策实施和气候变化的压力）如何影响当地实践。影响：项目将与当地合作者合作撰写8篇学术论文，出版一本研究框架小册子，开设一门跨部门跨学科研究生课程，以当地语言出版3本关于人类与野生动物关系的文化故事的非学术书籍（每个站点一本），在大众媒体上发表定期文章，以及为英国政府/机构撰写有关国内外环境政策的白皮书/政策简报。