RURAL COMMUNITIES, FAMILY PROCESSES, AND CHILD OUTCOMES

拟议的研究将审查社区 特征、家庭过程和同伴关系结合联合收割机， 通过子项对并发计划影响来影响子项调整 强化，自我认知，归因风格和信念 谈恋爱 将主要考虑三个 儿童适应的维度：行为问题、心理问题 抑郁/障碍和学校表现。大约1700个样本 家庭将从经济不景气的社区中选出， 爱荷华州和格鲁吉亚。所有的家庭都将有一个五年级的目标 孩子我们将包括大致相同数量的白色和非洲人- 美国家庭尽管我们预计， 社区、家庭和同伴因素对儿童适应的影响相似 不管孩子的种族，我们希望一些重要的群体， 差异首先，考虑到教会在非洲的重要性- 在美国社区，我们希望家庭宗教参与是一个 黑人比白色人更能有效地调节社区劣势 孩子 其次，生活在弱势群体中， 非裔美国人中种族认同和制度指责增加 青年 因此，我们预计社区的不利条件会减少， 白色的自尊比黑人儿童，而操作， 黑人儿童犯罪率比白色儿童高。

The proposed study will examine the manner in which community characteristics, family processes, and peer affiliations combine to influence child adjustment through their impact on concurrent schedules of reinforcement, perceptions of self, attributional style, and beliefs about relationships. Primary consideration will be given to three dimensions of child adjustment: conduct problems, psychological distress/disorder, and school performance. A sample of roughly 1700 families will be selected from economically depressed communities in Iowa and Georgia. All of the families will have a 5th grade target child. We will include roughly an equal number of White and African- American families. Although in general we expect the impact of community, family, and peer factors on child adjustment to be similar regardless of the child's ethnicity, we do expect some important group differences. First, given the significance of the church in African- American communities, we expect that family religious involvement is a more potent moderator of community disadvantage for Black than White children. Second, living in a disadvantaged community is likely to increase ethnic identification and system blaming among African-American youth. As a consequence, we expect that community disadvantage reduces the self-esteem of White more than Black children, while operating to increase delinquency more among Black than White children.