Climate change and the costs of survival in two species of marine crabs with contrasting abilities to compensate for environmental change

气候变化和两种具有不同补偿环境变化能力的海洋蟹的生存成本

• 批准号: NE/J007544/1
• 负责人: Nia Whiteley
• 金额: $ 47.74万
• 依托单位: Bangor University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2012 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FJ007544%2F1
• 关键词: Climate; change; costs; survival; two

The accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere as a result of human activities over the past 250 years is causing rapid changes in the World's oceans towards conditions not seen for millions of years. Increased atmospheric CO2 is leading to an increase in sea surface temperature (0.6C in the past 100 years) and is causing an expansion and dilution of the oceans due to increased rainfall and input of melt water from terrestrial glaciers and ice sheets. In addition, the ocean has absorbed about one third of the CO2 produced by humans since pre-industrial times. The resulting reductions in ocean pH, otherwise known as Ocean Acidification (OA) and carbonate concentrations are causing some alarm, as many marine invertebrates such as corals, echinoderms and molluscs depend on seawater carbonate sources to calcify their external shells and skeletons. Moreover, these groups are largely intolerant of environmental stress and are limited in their abilities to adjust to change. As a result they are considered to be the most sensitive to the climate-related changes expected in the oceans. Currently there is a real concern that many of these species will experience population declines and may even become extinct. This would lead to irreversible changes in the ecology of marine ecosystems by influencing community interactions and community structure. More recently, however, it has become apparent that taxa and species normally expected to be more tolerant of the projected changes may also be under threat. This realisation has come about because of recent examination of longer term responses to OA (weeks to months) in response to multiple variables i.e. usually OA plus temperature. It is now appears that organisms that are able to compensate physiologically and buffer the changes caused by environmental disruption, may be indirectly impacted by these environmental changes because such adjustments are ultimately energetically expensive. Currently, it is unknown what will happen to these organisms over time because the energy required for compensation could be diverted away from other vital processes such as immune function and growth, leading to increased susceptibilities to disease and a reduction in growth rates. The present project aims to establish links between compensatory capacities, energy use and performance in 2 species of brachyuran crabs with differing abilities to compensate for change. First year juvenile crabs from an ecologically important and highly invasive species outside of Europe, Carcinus maenas, and a commercially important species, Cancer pagurus, will be exposed to elevated pCO2 (0.08 kPa - levels predicted by 2100) and reduced salinity (~80%) for up to 18 months. The key physiological questions are whether the 2 species will be able to adjust their physiology to continue to function optimally, and whether these adjustments are metabolically costly and can be maintained over time. The key ecological questions will be whether these costly changes compromise individual fitness and performance with the potential to compromise population size. A project studentship will run in parallel to the main project and allow us to investigate the effects of high pCO2 and low salinity on the more vulnerable larval stages of three species of brachyuran crabs, C. maenas, C. pagurus and Necora puber. The studentship will investigate changes in larval development and performance which could impact larval recruitment, and will therefore identify potential population bottlenecks. This proposal represents the results of an on-going collaboration between researchers at Bangor and Southampton. These research teams are involved in a number of national and international OA research projects, but have identified that our limited understanding of the interaction of pCO2 and salinity, plus the lack of information on the responses of marine crustaceans to OA, is a weakness of existing research effort.

过去250年来，人类活动导致大气中二氧化碳的积累，正在导致世界海洋发生数百万年来从未见过的快速变化。大气中二氧化碳的增加正在导致海洋表面温度的升高（过去100年为0.6摄氏度），并且由于降雨增加以及陆地冰川和冰盖融水的输入，正在造成海洋的膨胀和稀释。此外，自前工业化时代以来，海洋吸收了人类产生的约三分之一的二氧化碳。由此导致的海洋pH值下降，也被称为海洋酸化（OA）和碳酸盐浓度的下降引起了一些警报，因为许多海洋无脊椎动物，如珊瑚、棘皮动物和软体动物，都依赖海水中的碳酸盐源来钙化它们的外壳和骨骼。此外，这些群体在很大程度上不能忍受环境压力，适应变化的能力有限。因此，它们被认为是对海洋中与气候有关的变化最敏感的。目前，人们真正担心的是，这些物种中的许多将经历数量下降，甚至可能灭绝。这将通过影响群落相互作用和群落结构，导致海洋生态系统的生态发生不可逆转的变化。然而，最近很明显，通常被认为对预测的变化更有容忍度的分类群和物种也可能受到威胁。这种认识是由于最近对OA（数周至数月）的长期反应的研究，这些反应是对多个变量（通常是OA +温度）的反应。现在看来，能够在生理上补偿和缓冲环境破坏所引起的变化的生物体可能会受到这些环境变化的间接影响，因为这种调整最终在能量上是昂贵的。目前，还不清楚随着时间的推移，这些生物体会发生什么，因为补偿所需的能量可能会从免疫功能和生长等其他重要过程中转移，从而导致对疾病的易感性增加和生长速度降低。本项目旨在建立两种具有不同补偿能力的短爪蟹的补偿能力、能量利用和性能之间的联系。来自欧洲以外具有重要生态意义和高度入侵性的物种——癌蟹（Carcinus maenas）和具有重要商业价值的物种——巨蟹（Cancer pagurus）的第一年幼蟹将暴露在二氧化碳浓度升高（预计到2100年达到0.08千帕）和盐度降低（约80%）的环境中长达18个月。关键的生理问题是，这两个物种是否能够调整自己的生理机能，以继续发挥最佳作用，以及这些调整是否需要代谢成本，并能长期维持。关键的生态学问题将是，这些代价高昂的变化是否会损害个体的适应能力和表现，并有可能损害种群规模。一个项目学生将与主要项目并行，允许我们研究高二氧化碳分压和低盐度对三种短爪蟹（C. maenas， C. pagurus和Necora puber）更脆弱的幼虫期的影响。该项目将调查幼虫发育和性能的变化，这些变化可能影响幼虫的招募，从而确定潜在的种群瓶颈。这项提议代表了班戈大学和南安普敦大学研究人员之间正在进行的合作的结果。这些研究团队参与了许多国家和国际OA研究项目，但已经确定，我们对二氧化碳分压和盐度相互作用的了解有限，加上海洋甲壳类动物对OA的反应缺乏信息，是现有研究工作的弱点。

项目成果

The Natural History of Crustaceans. Growth, Moulting and Physiology

甲壳类动物的自然历史。

• 发表时间: 2015
• 作者: Whiteley NM

Long term exposure of crabs to reduced salinity and pH: a temperate case study

螃蟹长期暴露于降低的盐度和 pH 值：温带案例研究

• 发表时间: 2014
• 作者: Suckling, CC

Elevated pCO2 does not impair performance in autotomised individuals of the intertidal predatory starfish Asterias rubens (Linnaeus, 1758).

pCO2 升高不会损害潮间带掠食性海星 Asterias rubens 的自体解剖个体的性能（Linnaeus，1758）。

• DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104841
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Marine environmental research
• 影响因子: 3.3
• 作者: McCarthy ID

Infestation of shore crab gills by a free-living mussel species.

岸蟹鳃被自由生活的贻贝物种侵扰。

• DOI: 10.1007/s12526-016-0631-x
• 发表时间: 2018
• 期刊: a journal of the Senckenberg Research Institute
• 作者: Poulter R

Physiological responses to digestion in low salinity in the crabs Carcinus maenas and Cancer irroratus.

Carcinus maenas 和 Cancer irroratus 对低盐度消化的生理反应。

• DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.10.007
• 发表时间: 2016
• 期刊: Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology
• 作者: Penney CM