Cirrus Coupled Cloud-Radiation Experiment: CIRCCREX

卷云耦合云辐射实验：CIRCCREX

• 批准号: NE/K01515X/1
• 负责人: Keith Bower
• 金额: $ 17.27万
• 依托单位: University of Manchester
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2013 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FK01515X%2F1
• 关键词: Cirrus; Coupled; Cloud; Radiation; Experiment

Climate and weather prediction models demand understanding of how cirrus clouds, high in the troposphere (6-14km in altitude) affect our climate. Cirrus covers up to 30% of the globe and its effects should be accurately included in global climate models. Clouds have two main effects; they are the main atmospheric component in the hydrological cycle, but they also trap radiation, both reflecting sunlight back to space (cooling the Earth's surface) and trapping the thermal energy emitted from the surface (as they are cold, emitting less energy to space than an equivalent cloudless sky). The balance between the shortwave (sunlight) and longwave (thermal radiation) effect depends on factors such as altitude and thickness of the cloud, and the size and shape of the ice crystals that make up the cloud. The crystals can take on myriad shapes, and the shapes existing in particular clouds depend on conditions and on the evolutionary sequence that the particles experience; growing, aggregating and/or dissipating over time, dependant on the changes in temperature, humidity and meteorological environment they experience. Different crystal sizes and shapes reflect and scatter light in different ways. Some crystal shapes are efficient at reflecting sunlight, but not thermal radiation and some the other way round. The net effect of a cloud on the radiation budget depends on the microscopic shapes of the crystals inside it. By measuring both the heat emitted by the cloud and its internal crystal properties ('microphysics') we can determine the link between the two, and hence the overall effect the cloud is having on the climate. Cirrus models have been derived that calculate expected response of different crystal types across the spectrum, and these are usually combined with predicted particle size and shapes (Particle Size Distributions, PSD) found from in-situ flight campaign measurements using cloud probes. These are parameterised (simplified) and used in climate models and general circulation models (GCMs), eg. in numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate change, but these cirrus models have not been tested across the full spectrum. Some studies have been made of specific radiative properties of some crystal types in the shortwave, and of other crystal types in parts of the longwave, but there has not been a successful measurement covering the full spectrum simultaneously measuring the precise make up of the crystal sizes and types in a cloud. We plan a novel flight campaign combining full spectrum radiative measurements (125-0.3 microns) from longwave to shortwave, with state-of-the-art measurements of crystal PSDs, the ice water content and temperature etc. We will test scattering models and PSD parameterisations used to describe cirrus cloud in atmospheric models, such as the UK MetOffice (MO) Unified model Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) with model improvements implemented by our MO project partners. Our project is possible because of NERC funded research that led to: state-of-the-art cloud probe instruments and software tools that addressed problems of ice crystal shattering at the inlet apertures and the great uncertainty in ice crystal size distributions of the past; and the development of the unique far-IR instrument TAFTS at Imperial College (IC). The ability to measure the entire spectrum from an aircraft, and so simultaneously measure the cirrus crystal types, sizes, temperature and IWC, roughness etc., is a unique facility only available on the UK FAAM aircraft. We combine radiometry in the far-IR of IC, in mid-IR to solar of MO, cloud microphysics instrumentation and expertise of Manchester and Hertfordshire Universities, and UKMO/FAAM with complementary cloud and atmospheric state measurements. This will give a leap forward to cirrus modelling, our datasets allowing testing and development of models and parameterizations used to predict the effect of cirrus in climate models and NWP.

气候和天气预测模型需要了解对流层高空（海拔6 - 14公里）的卷云如何影响我们的气候。卷云覆盖了地球仪的30%，它的影响应该准确地包括在全球气候模型中。云有两个主要的影响;它们是水文循环中的主要大气成分，但它们也捕获辐射，既将阳光反射回太空（冷却地球表面），又捕获从表面发射的热能（因为它们很冷，比同等的无云天空向太空发射的能量更少）。短波（阳光）和长波（热辐射）效应之间的平衡取决于诸如云的高度和厚度以及组成云的冰晶的大小和形状等因素。晶体可以呈现出无数的形状，并且存在于特定云中的形状取决于条件和粒子所经历的进化序列;随着时间的推移，生长，聚集和/或消散，取决于它们所经历的温度，湿度和气象环境的变化。不同的晶体大小和形状以不同的方式反射和散射光。有些晶体形状能有效地反射阳光，但不能反射热辐射，有些则相反。云对辐射收支的净影响取决于云内部晶体的微观形状。通过测量云发出的热量及其内部晶体特性（"微观物理学"），我们可以确定两者之间的联系，从而确定云对气候的总体影响。 卷云模型已经被推导出来，计算不同晶体类型在光谱中的预期响应，这些模型通常与预测的颗粒大小和形状（颗粒大小分布，PSD）相结合，这些颗粒大小和形状是使用云探测器从现场飞行活动测量中发现的。这些都是参数化的（简化），并用于气候模式和大气环流模式（GCM），如。在数值天气预报（NWP）和气候变化方面，这些卷云模型还没有经过全面的测试。人们对某些晶体类型在短波中的特定辐射特性以及其他晶体类型在部分长波中的特定辐射特性进行了一些研究，但是还没有成功的测量覆盖整个光谱，同时测量云中晶体尺寸和类型的精确组成。我们计划一个新的飞行活动结合全光谱辐射测量（125 - 0.3微米）从长波到短波，与晶体PSD的最先进的测量，冰水含量和温度等，我们将测试散射模型和PSD参数化用于描述卷云在大气模式，例如英国气象局（MO）统一模式数值天气预报（NWP），以及我们MO项目合作伙伴实施的模式改进。我们的项目是可能的，因为NERC资助的研究，导致：国家的最先进的云探测仪器和软件工具，解决了冰晶粉碎的问题，在入口孔和冰晶尺寸分布的巨大不确定性的过去;和独特的远红外仪器TAFTS在帝国理工学院（IC）的发展。能够从飞机上测量整个光谱，从而同时测量卷云晶体类型、大小、温度和IWC、粗糙度等，这是一个独特的设施，只有在英国FAAM飞机上提供。我们将IC的远红外辐射测量、MO的中红外到太阳辐射测量、曼彻斯特大学和赫特福德郡大学以及UKMO/FAAM的云微物理仪器和专业知识与互补的云和大气状态测量结合起来，联合收割机。这将给卷云建模带来飞跃，我们的数据集允许测试和开发用于预测卷云在气候模型和NWP中的影响的模型和参数化。

项目成果

A test of the ability of current bulk optical models to represent the radiative properties of cirrus cloud across the mid-and far-infrared

测试当前体光学模型代表卷云中远红外辐射特性的能力

• DOI: 10.5194/acp-2019-1181
• 发表时间: 2020
• 作者: Bantges R

A test of the ability of current bulk optical models to represent the radiative properties of cirrus cloud across the mid- and far-infrared

• DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-12889-2020
• 发表时间: 2020-11-05
• 期刊: ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
• 影响因子: 6.3
• 作者: Bantges, Richard J.;Brindley, Helen E.;Pickering, Juliet C.
• 通讯作者: Pickering, Juliet C.

The Cirrus Coupled Cloud-Radiation Experiment-II

卷云耦合云辐射实验-II

• DOI: 10.1364/hise.2016.htu2f.3
• 发表时间: 2016
• 作者: Murray J

Airborne validation of radiative transfer modelling of ice clouds at millimetre and sub-millimetre wavelengths

• DOI: 10.5194/amt-2018-308
• 发表时间: 2018-09
• 期刊: Atmosphere
• 影响因子: 2.9
• 作者: S. Fox;J. Mendrok;P. Eriksson;Robin Ekelund;S. O'Shea;K. Bower;R. Harlow;J. Pickering

Characterising optical array particle imaging probes: implications for small ice crystal observations

表征光学阵列粒子成像探针：对小冰晶观测的影响

• DOI: 10.5194/amt-2020-265
• 发表时间: 2020
• 作者: O'Shea S