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Hybridization and the origin of novel taxa in Euphrasia

幼发拉西亚的杂交和新类群的起源

基本信息

批准号：
NE/L011336/1
负责人：
Alexander Twyford
金额：
$ 64.81万
依托单位：
University of Edinburgh
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Fellowship
财政年份：
2014
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2014 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FL011336%2F1
关键词：
Hybridization origin novel taxa Euphrasia

项目摘要

Our planet has a huge number of different species, and I am striving to understand the way this diversity has formed. Recently, it has been suggested that cross-mating between species (hybridization) under natural settings, may be the first stage in producing some of these new species. This may play an important role in evolution, as unlike most species which evolve over hundreds-of-thousands or millions of years, it would be possible for a new species to form much more rapidly, in less than 100 generations. However, there are many unanswered questions about this area of evolutionary biology, such as: why does hybridization between species happen so often in some organisms and not others? And when does this produce a new species? This research will address these questions in a group of native plants where hybridization between species is common.Eyebrights (Euphrasia) are a group of 19 species found throughout the UK. Unlike many other organisms, hybridization is common, and thought to give rise to a number of new species that are found only in the UK. One such example is the slender-heath eyebright (E. micrantha) and the common eyebright (E. officinalis), which are parents to two new species (E. rivularis and E. vigursii). To understand the way these new species have evolved, I will be collecting eyebrights from across the UK, and using state-of-the-art DNA sequencing techniques to determine the contribution of each of the parent species to the DNA of the new hybrid species. Each of these techniques will allow predictions about the outcomes of hybridization to be tested. For example, it may be predicted that one species will contribute more genes to the new species than the other. This would arise when a species produces larger flowers that are more attractive to pollinators, and so the initial hybrid will go on to mate recurrently with this large flowered species. When this occurs over many generations, most genes will come from one parent, with just a few from the other parent. By sequencing a large number of genes in the new species, as well as both the parents, we can compare the proportion coming from each of the parents. Overall, these results will greatly help our understanding of the way new species evolve, particularly rare species that are of recent origin (in the last 10,000 years). This is of great importance to conservationists in the UK, who are trying to protect rare and endangered species. By understanding the way new eyebright species have evolved, conservation biologists can make new plans that help protect the processes involved in generating new species. This will ensure the survival of not only rare species that are currently present, but those which may evolve in the near future. Such action plans would include conserving pairs of species that hybridize and are known to produce hybrid species, as well as maintaining areas of habitat that favour hybridization.

我们的星球上有大量不同的物种，我正在努力理解这种多样性是如何形成的。最近，有人提出，在自然环境下，物种之间的杂交(杂交)可能是产生其中一些新物种的第一阶段。这可能在进化中发挥重要作用，因为与大多数物种在数十万年或数百万年后进化不同，一个新物种有可能在不到100代的时间内更快地形成。然而，关于进化生物学的这一领域，还有许多悬而未决的问题，例如：为什么物种之间的杂交在一些生物中经常发生，而在另一些生物中却不经常发生？什么时候才能产生新物种呢？这项研究将在物种间杂交很常见的一组本土植物中解决这些问题。Eyebright(Efulrasia)是在英国各地发现的一组19个物种。与许多其他生物不同，杂交是常见的，并被认为产生了许多只在英国发现的新物种。一个这样的例子是细长的小眼球(E.micrantha)和普通的小眼球(E.officinalis)，它们是两个新物种(E.riugaris和E.viursii)的父母。为了了解这些新物种的进化方式，我将从英国各地收集眼球，并使用最先进的DNA测序技术来确定每个亲本物种对新杂交物种DNA的贡献。这些技术中的每一种都将允许对杂交结果的预测进行测试。例如，可以预测一个物种将比另一个物种对新物种贡献更多的基因。当一个物种开出更大的花，对传粉者更有吸引力时，就会出现这种情况，所以最初的杂交将继续与这个大的开花物种反复交配。当这种情况发生在许多代人身上时，大多数基因将来自一个亲本，只有少数基因来自另一个亲本。通过对新物种以及父母双方的大量基因进行测序，我们可以比较来自父母双方的比例。总体而言，这些结果将极大地帮助我们理解新物种的进化方式，特别是最近起源的稀有物种(过去10,000年)。这对英国的自然资源保护者来说非常重要，他们正在努力保护稀有和濒危物种。通过了解新的亮眼物种的进化方式，保护生物学家可以制定新的计划，帮助保护产生新物种的过程。这不仅将确保目前存在的稀有物种的生存，也将确保那些可能在不久的将来进化的物种的生存。这样的行动计划将包括保护一对杂交并已知产生杂交物种的物种，以及维护有利于杂交的栖息地。